Usizo lwezimali: LCR, NSFR, inshuwalense yediphozithi kanye nomhlinzeki wokugcina

Amabhange alahlekelwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Baphuma emnothweni ngoba ukulahleka ngaphezu kwalokho abanikazi bezimali babeka ngaphakathi, noma baphuma imali engenayo ngoba abakhokhi bengalayisha ngokushesha kunempahla ingashintshwa ibe yimali. Okulandelayo kungase kukwenzeke ebhange elikhokhelwayo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Basel III yafaka izimiso ezimbili zokukhokha ukuze ibhekane nale ngozi. Isibopho se-inshuwalense kanye nebhange eliphakathi lokudlulisa liqedela iphrojekthi ngokuncipha kwengcindezi yokusebenza nokuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa lapho amamakethe evala.

Izinkinga eziphathelene nezimali

Izinkokhelo ibhange ziningi isikhathi esincane. Izimali ze-akhawunti yamanje zingasuswa uma kudingeka, futhi imali engenayo yokuhweba ngentengo ephansi kaningi ikhula phakathi kwezinyanga. Amasevisi ayo angaphezu kwazo zonke izikweletu zesikhathi eside ezingathengiswanga ngokushesha kuxabiso eliphelele.

Lolu shintsho lobudala luyisisekelo semisebenzi yezombusazwe yamabhange, njengoba isihloko sokwakha imali sichaza. Lokhu futhi kuyisizathu sokuthi ukulahleka kokuzithemba kungashintsha ibe yi-run. Amabhange edijithali azungeze isikhathi esithathayo ukushayela, ngoba abathengi bangahambisa ama-balances kusuka kufoni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

Izinga lokugqugquzela ukuphuma kwemali

I- Basel Committee’s LCR standard idinga ukuthi ibhanki igcine isitoko esifanele sezinto eziphilayo ezisezingeni eliphakeme (HQLA) ezingaguqulwa zibe yimali engenayo ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zayo zokuphilayo zezinsuku ezingama-30 zokucindezeleka kwekhalenda.

Isilinganiso siyi-stock ye-HQLA ehlukaniswe ngenani eliphelele lokuphuma kwemali nsuku zonke ezinyangeni eziyisi-30 ezizayo. Uma kungakapheli isikhathi sezinkinga zezimali, kufanele ingabi ngaphansi kuka-100%. Isimo sashintshwa kusuka ku-60% ngo-2015 kuya ku-100% ngoJanuwari 1, 2019.

Ama-asset asezingeni eliphakeme

HQLA zihlukaniswe ezinyangeni, ngemikhawulo emincane esezingeni eliphansi.

Izinga	Amathuluzi ajwayelekile	Ukusika izinwele	Umkhawulo
Izinga 1	Imali engenayo, ama-reserve ebhange eliphakathi angakwazi ukukhishwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi, izibopho ezigunyaziwe	Akukho	Akukho cap
Izinga 2A	Izinkampani ezizimele, izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezibopho ezigqugquzelwe zihlangabezana nezinga le-rating kanye nemibandela yemakethe	15%	Izinga lesi-2 ngokugcwele kungaphezu kuka-40% we-HQLA
Izinga 2B	Imali-mboleko yenkampani esezingeni eliphansi, i-equity kanye nezimali zokuvikela ezixhaswe ngempahla	Ngokuvamile 50%	ngaphezu kuka-15% we-HQLA, ngaphakathi kwe-40%

Ukukhishwa kwezimali

Ukuphuma kwezimali kulinganiselwa ngokufaka amaphesenti okuphuma kwezimali kuwo wonke uhlobo lwemali. Amaphesenti abonisa ukuthi umthengisi ngamnye uzokhipha kanjani imali uma ekhathazekile.

Uhlobo lokuxhaswa	Izinga eliphansi le-run-off
Izimali ezigcinwe ngokuqinile: ziqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele, futhi ku-akhawunti yezokuxhumana noma ngobudlelwane obukhona	5%, noma i-3% lapho insizakalo yokuphepha kwediphozithi yezwe
Izinga eliphansi lokugcinwa kwezimali	10%, ebekwe yimiphakathi
Izimali ezigcinwe emisebenzini ezivela ku-clearing, ukugcinwa noma ubudlelwane bokulawula imali	25%
Ukuxhaswa okungaqinisekisiwe okuvela kuma-corporates angaba ngezimali, amabhange aphakathi nendawo namaqembu ezwe	40%, noma i-20% uma inshuwalense
Uxhaso olungaqinisekisiwe oluvela kwezinye izinhlangano zomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezimali	100%

Ukungena kwezimpahla ezisebenza kahle kungavimbela ukukhishwa, kodwa kuphela kuze kube yi-75% yokuphuma okulindelekile. Ibhange alikwazi ukuhlangabezana ne LCR ngokuqinisekile ngokuthola ukuthi izibopho zayo zizobuyiselwa emuva.

Isilinganiso sisho ukuthi amabhange alindeleke ukuba asebenzise i-HQLA yabo ngesikhathi sesimo esinzima, ngisho uma isilinganiso singaphansi kuka-100%. Abaqondisi babheka isimo bese bephendula ngokuhambisana.

Kumthetho we-EU

I-EU isebenzisa LCR kuya ku-Isigaba 412 seMigomo Yokudingeka Kwezimali kanye nemithetho egunyazwe. Article 412 requires institutions to hold liquid assets covering outflows less inflows “under gravely stressed conditions over a period of thirty days”. Ngokuya ngesigaba 414, inhlangano engahlangabezani noma elindele ukuthi ingahlangabezani nezidingo kumele imemezele umphathi wayo ngokushesha futhi ifake iphrojekthi yokubuyisela.

Izinga lokuxhaswa ngokuqinile

I LCR ibhekana nesimo sezulu sonyaka owodwa. I NSFR ibhekana nokwakhiwa kwe-balance sheet ephelele eminyakeni emibili. Kudinga ukuxhaswa okuqinile (ASF) okungenani kube yi-100% yoxhaso oludingekayo oluqinile (RSF) ngokuqhubekayo, futhi kwavela ukuthi kuyisilinganiso esincane ngoJanuwari 1, 2018 ngaphansi kwe-Basel timetable.

Imali engenayo ngayinye ithola umthelela we-ASF obonisa ukuthi ihlala kanjani. Impahla ngayinye ithola umthelela we-RSF okhombisa ukuthi idinga malini eqinile.

Isibopho	Izinga le-ASF
Imali-mboleko yomthetho kanye nezinye izibopho ezinamaphesenti asele wonyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu	100%
Izimali ezigcinwe ngokuqinile zebhizinisi elincane kanye nebhizinisi elincane ngaphansi konyaka owodwa	95%
Ukwehla kokungaqiniseki kwezitolo ezincane kanye nezitolo ezincane	90%
Ukuxhaswa ngaphansi konyaka owodwa ovela ezinhlangano ezingaba ngezimali nakwamanye ama-	50%
Ezinye izibopho, kufaka phakathi ukuxhaswa kwesikhathi esizayo	0%

Engxenyeni yempahla, imali engenayo kanye nezimali zebhange eliphakathi azidingi uxhaso oluqinile, kanti izibopho ezingenalutho ezide zidinga isilinganiso esiphezulu. Ibhange elikhokhela ama-hypotheques eminyaka engu-25 ngokuthatha imali ngehora lizolahlekelwa yi NSFR nakuba i LCR yayo ibonakale iyimpilo.

I-EU isebenzisa NSFR nge CRR Amathuluzi 413 ne-428b. Amathuluzi 428b adinga umlinganiso “ongaphansi kuka-100%” futhi engeza ukuthi izinhlangano kufanele zigcine iphrofayili yemali engenayo yokuxhaswa kwazo ngokuvamile ihambisana naleyo yezimpahla zazo.

Iyini incazelo yezilinganiso zebhange elisha

1. I-Deposit mix iyisinqumo sokwakha. I-insured retail deposits ku-transactional accounts ithatha i-run-off ephansi kakhulu kanye ne-ASF ephezulu kakhulu. Amadiphozithi abhekene nezinga eliphakeme aqoqwe ngezinhlelo zokuqhathaniswa asebenza ngendlela engalindelekanga futhi angabhekwa njengengazinzile.
2. Izinkokhelo ezivela kubalingani be-fintech kanye nezinhlangano zezezimali zibiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nemali etholakalayo. Ngokuya nge LCR, inkokhelo engaqinisekiswanga evela ezinhlangano zezimali ithatha i-run-off engu-100% ngaphandle kokuthi ihlolwe njengesebenza kahle.
3. Izinto zokugxila zingaphezu kwezinkomba. Abaphathi babheka futhi ukuthembela kubasebenzisi abancane abancane noma i-channel yokusabalalisa eyodwa.
4. Ukugcina i-HQLA kubiza imali.Amathuluzi aphumayo athola inzuzo encane kunaleyo akhokhelwa ngayo, ngakho-ke izimfuneko zokuphuma kwemali zinciphisa amaphesenti ebhizinisini.
5. Ukungalingani kwemali ekhokhwayo kudinga iphrojekthi yabo. Ibhange elikhokhela ngemali ekhokhwayo eyodwa futhi lithathe izitolo ngenye kufanele liphatha ukutholakala kwemali ngayinye.

Abaphenyi balindele futhi ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka kwezimali ezingaphakathi, izinhlelo zokuxhaswa kwezinkontileka ngemisebenzi ehlolwe, kanye nokuhlola kwansuku zonke kwamabhange athatha inxaxheba emithonjeni yokukhokha.

I-inshurensi yediphozithi

I-inshurensi yediphozithi inciphisa ukukhuthazwa kokusebenza ngokuqinisa abakhiphe imali abancane ukuthi bazobuyiselwa imali noma ngabe ibhange lilahleka. Ixhaswa ngemizamo yamabhange amalungu.

Umthethosivivinywa	Ukuvikelwa komthengisi ngamunye webhange ngalinye	Isizinda
Umphakathi wase-Europe	i-EUR 100,000 ngezimali eziqoqiwe, nokuvikelwa okuphezulu okwesikhathi eside okumele amaMeya abeke kuwo ezinye izitshalo, ezinjengezo ezivela ekuthengiseni izimpahla zokuhlala	Imiyalelo 2014/49/EU
i-United Kingdom	£120,000 kusukela ngo-1 kuDisemba 2025	FSCS

Imithetho ye-EU idinga ukuthi amaphrojekthi ahlinzeke ngemali ekhokhwayo ngaphakathi kwezinsuku eziyisithupha zomsebenzi, ngemuva kosuku lokushintshana oluya kumhla ka-31 kuDisemba 2023. Izimiso eziyinhloko ze-IADI zohlelo oluphumelelayo lwesiqinisekiso sediphozithi, ebuyekezwe ngoSepthemba ka-2025, esetshenziswa yi-IMF ne-World Bank ekuhlolweni kwesigaba sezimali.

Ibhange elisha kumele lijoyine izinhlelo zendawo yayo yombuso ngaphambi kokuthatha izibopho ezigqugquzelwe. Kudingeka futhi ukuthi likwazi ukukhiqiza idatha efanele ye-depositor ngokushesha, ukuze izinhlelo zingakhokha ngaphakathi kwesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi esisemthethweni. Lezo zici ziyingxenye yokuthuthukiswa kokusebenzela okubuyekezwa ngabaqondisi.

I LCR ixhumana emuva kwi-inshurensi yediphozithi. Idiphozithi inqunywa njengoqinile uma kuphela iqinisekiswe ngokuphelele yi-scheme esebenzayo futhi ihlangabezana nobudlelwane noma izimo ze-akhawunti yokushintshana. Isilinganiselwa se-Basel siphawula ukuthi ukutholakala kwe-inshurensi yediphozithi kuphela akulungile.

Umhlinzeki wezimali wokugcina

Amabhange aphakathi nendawo ahlinzeka ngemali engenayo kumabhange ngokumelene necala. Le yingxenye edala kakhulu ye-safety net, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuhlukile ngokwendawo yombuso.

Ezweni le-euro, amabhange afinyelela ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile kwenqubomgomo yezimali nge-Eurosystem. Ngaphesheya kwalezi, i ECB ichaza usizo lwesikhashana sokubuyiselwa imali (ELA) njengemali yebhange eliphakathi elihlinzekwa ngamabhange esifundazwe “ukuxazulula izinhlangano zezezimali ezibhekene nezinkinga zesikhathi eside zokubuyiselwa imali, ngaphandle kokusebenza okujwayelekile kwenqubomgomo yezimali ye-Eurosystem”.

I- ECB Council of Governors ingaphikisana lapho i-ELA ithinta khona izinhloso nemisebenzi ye-Eurosystem. Inxusa lamanje le-ELA livela ngoSepthemba 2024.

E-United Kingdom, i Bank of England’s toolkit ifaka ne Short-Term Repo facility, an Indexed Long-Term Repo, a contingent term repo facility activated in market-wide stress, and the Discount Window Facility. I-Discount Window iyi-bilateral, on-demand facility for firms that anticipate or experience an unexpected liquidity need.

Izidingo zokufinyelela kwibhange eliphakathi

1. Ukufaneleka. Ngokuvamile ibhange eligunyazwe ngaphansi kokulawula okuqinile, elina-akhawunti yebhange eliyisisekelo.
2. Collateral. Amabhange aphakathi adlulisa kuphela nge-collateral efanelekayo, nge-haircuts. Ama-loans kufanele abekwe ngaphambili futhi alungiselelwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba adingekayo.
3. Ukulungele ukusebenza. Ukuxhumeka kwezindlu, amadokhumende asemthethweni nokuhlolwa kufanele kube khona ngesikhathi esijwayelekile.
4. Imali ekhokhwayo. Ukudluliswa kwezimali eziphuthumayo kwenziwa izinhlangano ezikhokhelayo. Akufanele kushintshe imali engenayo.

Imibuzo abaqondisi bebuza mayelana nokusebenza kahle

1. Yibo abafaka imali abazoxhasa ibhange eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala, nokuthi bangaphuma kanjani ngokushesha?
2. Ingabe inkontileka yemali egcinwe iqinisekisiwe, ingashintshaniswa futhi isekelwe kubudlelwane?
3. Ingabe i-HQLA izogcinwa nini, ngemali eyiphi, futhi lapho?
4. Iyini inhloso yohlelo lokukhokhela izimo eziphuthumayo ngosuku lokuqala, usuku lwesihlanu nosuku oluyisishiyagalombili lobuhlungu?
5. Yiziphi izikhungo zebhange eliphakathi ibhange lingasebenzisa, futhi ngabe inkontileka ilungile kuzo?

Isihloko esilandelayo sishintsha kusuka kumithetho ye-balance sheet kuye kubantu abaqhuba ibhange: ukuphatha kanye nokuhambisana nezimfuneko ezifanele.