Ukuphatha kanye nezidingo ezifanele

Ilayisense lebhange linikezwa inhlangano, kodwa abaqondisi bakhetha kakhulu abantu kanye nemininingwane engezansi kwayo. Uhlelo lwebhizinisi oluqinile nebhodi elincane alizovunyelwa. Ibhange elinalayisense lomphathi oyeka ukuhlangabezana nesilinganiso singakhipha labo baphathi.

Le ndatshana ichaza iphrojekthi yokulawula abaphathi abaningi, besebenzisa izimiso ze-EU njengendawo yokubhekisa eshicilelwe ngokuningiliziwe.

Inhlangano yokulawula

EU law uses the term “management body” to cover both a single board and a two-tier structure with a management board and a supervisory board. Umsebenzi wokulawula uqhuba ibhange ngosuku ngalunye. Umsebenzi wokuhlola ubheka futhi ubhekene nokulawula.

Izimo eziphansi ziqala uma kugunyazwa. CRD Isigaba 13 idinga ukuthi “okungenani abantu ababili baqondise ngokuphumelelayo umsebenzi” wesisebenzisi, okubizwa ngesisekelo sezintamo ezine. Ugunyazo kufanele luvunyelwene ngalo uma amalungu eqembu lokulawula angahlangabezani nemibandela yokufaneleka engxenyeni engu-91.

CRD Isiqephu 91 sibeka lezi zidingo. Amalungu kufanele abe “nobuzwe obufanele futhi abe nolwazi olunembile, izikhono kanye nesipiliyoni sokwenza imisebenzi yabo”, abeke isikhathi esidingekayo, futhi asebenze ngokucophelela, ngokuthembeka nokuzimela. Iqembu ngalinye kumele libe ne “lwazi oluphelele, iziqu kanye nobuholi” ukuze liqonde imisebenzi yenhlangano kanye nezingozi zayo eziyinhloko.

Imikhawulo yemisebenzi yomqondisi

Isigaba 91(3) soMthethosisekelo sisho ukuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi kumele zibe nemithetho elawula umsebenzi wazo, izinhlelo zazo zokuphatha kanye nokuphathwa kwazo. Isibhengezo esinjalo kufanele sibe nesiqiniseko sokuthi amalungu omphakathi angasebenzisi amandla abo okuphatha noma ukuphatha ngezindlela ezingekho emthethweni.

Ikomidi lebhodi

Amabhange amakhulu alindeleke ukuthi abe nekomidi lengozi, lokuhlola, lokukhokhela kanye nokumemezela, elisebenza ngamalungu angasebenzisi igunya aneziqu ezifanele. Amabhange amancane angaxhumana namakomidi lapho umthetho wezwe uvumela khona. Abaphathi bafunda imibiko yekomidi ukucabanga ukuthi ngabe isikhalazo siyiqiniso noma sisemthethweni.

Izinhlangothi ezintathu zokuvikela

I- EBA Izincomo zokuphatha ngaphakathi (EBA/GL/2021/05), ezizosebenza kusukela ngo-31 kuDisemba 2021, zihambisana nemigqa emithathu yemodeli yokuvikela.

Ilayini	Ubani	Imisebenzi
Ekuqala	Izinhlelo zebhizinisi, nemisebenzi yosizo njenge-IT, i-HR	Ukuthatha izinselelo nokuziphatha ngokuqondile, ngenqubo kanye nokulawulwa okugcina imisebenzi ngaphakathi kwengcindezi
Isithathu	Umsebenzi wokulawula umngcipheko ohlukile kanye nomsebenzi wokuhambisana	Ukuthola, ukukala, ukulandela nokubikezela izingozi ezikhona esiteshini; ukubhekana nezingqinamba zokuqala; ukulandela ukuhambisana nomthetho kanye nenqubomgomo yangaphakathi
Isithathu	Ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi	Ukubuyekezwa okuzenzekelayo, okungenhla kwengozi yokulawula, imizamo kanye nemigqa emithathu yokuqala

Imiyalelo ichaza ukuthi zonke izinqubo zokulawula zangaphakathi kufanele zibe zinelungelo lokuzimela kubhizinisi elilawulwa ngazo, zinezimali ezidingekayo kanye nemisebenzi yomuntu, futhi ziveze ngokusobala eqenjini lokulawula. Izinhlangano zingangeza izinqubo zokulawula ezikhethekile, ezinjenge AML ukulandela umsebenzi noma ukulawula ubumfihlo be-IT.

Ibhange elisha, isivivinyo esisebenzayo siyimisebenzi. Umphathi wengozi ophethe izimali, noma umphathi wokulandelana o raporta kumphathi wokuthengwa, uzobhekana nenkinga. Amabhange amancane angaxhuma ezinye iziqu, kodwa abaqondisi balindele ukubaluleka okucacile kwehhovisi lengozi, lokulandelana kanye nokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi.

Izisebenzisi ezibalulekile

Abaphathi abaphambili bemisebenzi yibo abantu abangasekho eqenjini lokulawula kodwa abanemiphumela emikhulu ekuqondiseni inhlangano. Abaholi bezisebenzi zokulawula ngaphakathi kanye nomphathi omkhulu wezimali bayizisibonelo ezivame kakhulu.

Imiyalelo (EU) 2024/1619 (CRD VI) ifaka isiqephu esitsha 91a ku-CRD. Izinhlangano zinomthwalo oyinhloko wokuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abaphethe imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu banesithunzi esihle, besebenza ngokucophelela nobuqotho, futhi babe nemfundo eyaneleyo, ikhono kanye nesipiliyoni. Kudingeka ukuthi babhekane nabo ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo kanye njalo, futhi akudingeki ukuthi bakhethe noma basuse umuntu ongeke ahlangabezane nesilinganiso.

Kulezi zinhlangano ezinkulu, iziphathimandla ezigunyaziwe kumele zihlole inhloko yemisebenzi yokulawula yangaphakathi kanye ne-CFO ngaphansi kwesigaba 91a(5). CRD VI futhi idinga isicelo sokuhambisana ukufinyelela kulesi siphathimandla kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-30 zokusebenza ngaphambi kokuba ummeli noma uMengameli omusha athathe umsebenzi ezindaweni ezinkulu. Izizwe-membre kufanele zisebenzise izinyathelo ze-CRD VI jikelele kusukela ngoJanuwari 11, 2026.

Ukulinganiselwa okufanele

Uhlelo lwe-EU oluningiliziwe lubekwe ESMA kanye EBA Imithetho ephathelene nokuhlolwa kokufaneleka (EBA/GL/2021/06), ESMA kanye EBA 2026 ukuze kubonakaliswe CRD VI. Amabhange alawula ngokusobala, ECB ishicilela Uhlelo lwezibalo.

I- ECB guide ibheka amalungu eqembu lokulawula ngokuya ngemigomo emihlanu evela kuNhlangulana 91 ye- CRD.

Isimo	Into ehlolwe
Ulwazi	Ulwazi oluphathelene nomsebenzi
Umlando	Umlando wezobugebengu nowezokuphatha, ukuziphatha komuntu siqu nebhizinisi, kanye nanoma yini ebangela ukukhathazeka ngokulawula okunengqondo
Ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo nokuzimela kwengqondo	Ubudlelwane bomuntu siqu, obuzimele, bezimali kanye nepolitiki; ukukwazi ukulwa
Isikhathi sokuzibophezela	Inani kanye nohlobo lwamanye ama-mandates, kanye nesikhathi esidingekayo
Ukufaneleka komphakathi	noma ngabe ibhodi lonke lihlanganisa imisebenzi nengozi yebhange

Izinga lokuzizwa

Umhlahlandlela ECB usebenzisa ama-thresholds akhiqiza isinqumo solwazi olunembile. Ngaphansi kwazo, i-ECB ibheka ngokusobala kunalokho yokuyeka ngokuzenzakalela.

Imisebenzi	Izinga lokucabanga ukuthi unesipiliyoni esidingekayo
I-CEO	Ten years of recent practical experience in banking or financial services, including a significant proportion at senior managerial level
Umqondisi olawulayo	Iminyaka emihlanu yesipiliyoni esisebenzayo ebhange noma ezentengiselwano ezingeni lokulawula eliphakeme
Isihlalo esingasebenzisi	Ten years of recent relevant practical experience, with a significant proportion at senior level and significant theoretical knowledge in banking or a similar field
Isiqondisi esingasebenzi	Iminyaka emithathu yesipiliyoni sokusebenza esihlobene nesikhathi esizayo esigabeni esiphezulu somphathi, kufaka phakathi ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwezimali

Izingxoxo

I ECB ibheka izingqungquthela njengengxenye yokuthola ngempela. Ngokuya ngemiyalelo yayo, izingqungquthela ziyimfuneko ezindabeni ezintsha ze-CEO kanye noMengameli weqembu lokulawula ezibhange ezizimele nasezikweletini eziphezulu zeqoqo. Ezinye izingxenye zisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana, ngokuphepha okusekelwe.

Uhlelo lwezibalo lusebenza kanjani

1. Inhlangano isebenza ngesinqumo sayo sokufaneleka futhi ishicilele.
2. Umqashi uqedela imibuzo yomqondisi, ene-CV, izimemezelo kanye neziqinisekiso ezixhasayo.
3. Umqondisi ubheka izibalo nezinye izinhlaka, kufaka phakathi ezinye izwe lapho umuntu esebenzela khona.
4. Umqondisi angaxoxa nomholi futhi afune ulwazi oluningi.
5. Umqondisi uvumela, uvumela ngezimo ezifana nokuqeqeshwa, noma akayifaki.
6. Ukufaneleka kuhlolwa kabusha uma kwenzeka izinto ezintsha, njengokuphenya noma ukuthola okuqondisayo.

Isiqephu 91(1) se CRD sinikeza iziphathimandla amandla okususa amalungu angahlangabezani nalezi zimfuneko. Sihlukanisa imibandela lapho kunezinselelo ezifanele zokukhathazeka ngokuhlanzwa kwemali noma ukuxhaswa kwezingxabano.

Abanikazi bezimali bahlolwa

Abanikazi bezindlu ezifanelekayo bahlolwa ngodumo lwabo, ukunethezeka kwazo kwezomnotho kanye nokusemthethweni kwezimpahla zabo. Isiqephu 14 se- CRD sidinga ukuthi umfakisicelo aveze ubukhona bamasheya abanezindlu ezifanelekayo, noma amasheya angama-20 amakhulu lapho akukho khona. Abaqondisi babheka ngezindlu zokubamba abantu abavamile abalawula labo.

Izinto kanye nengqondo nokuphathwa

Isihloko sisho ukuthi inhlangano ebhalisiwe iqondiswa futhi ilawulwa lapho ibhaliswe khona, nabantu abakhona enza iziphakamiso ezingokoqobo. Yingxenye yokulawula efana nokuhlolwa okulungile nokufanele.

E-EU, CRD Isigaba 13(2) idinga ukuthi inkundla yezimali enesevisi ebhalisiwe ibe nesevisi yayo eyinhloko kulo mkhakha. EBA imithetho yokusebenza ichaza ukuthi izinhlangano “zifanele zigcine isikhathi ngasinye izinto ezidingekayo futhi zingaba yi-‘empty shells’ noma ‘letter-box entities’”. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke izimo zokugunyazwa kanye neqembu lokulawula elisebenza kahle ekwenzeni imisebenzi yayo.

Umbono ofanayo uvela ku-global AML imithetho. FATF isichazamazwi ichaza ukutholakala kwengqondo ehlukanisa ibhange langempela kusuka ibhange shell njenge "ingqondo ebalulekile kanye nokulawula elibekwe ngaphakathi kwezwe", futhi ithi ukuthi ummeli wasendaweni noma abasebenzi abaphansi-level kuphela akulungile.

I- Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook yenza ingqondo nokulawula kube yisimo selayisense: amabhange ajwayelekile aneofisi ebhalisiwe eBahrain kufanele agcine ikheli labo eliyinhloko khona, futhi izinhlaka zebhange lakwamanye amazwe kumele zilondoloze ukutholakala kohlelo lokusebenza lwasekhaya kanye nezindawo ezifanele imisebenzi yabo.

Izibonakaliso zokuthi isithako silahlekile

1. Izingqungquthela zeBhodi eziqhutshwa ngaphandle kwegunya lelayisense, namakhomishani asendaweni abagunyaza iziphakamiso ezithathwe kwezinye izindawo.
2. Abaphathi abaphezulu abahlala ezweni elisha futhi bevakashela njalo.
3. Imisebenzi ebalulekile, njengenqumo yezimali noma ukulawula umonakalo, okwenziwa yinkampani yeqembu ngaphandle kohlelo olushicilelwe lokukhishwa kwangaphandle nokuhlola.
4. I-ofisi yasendaweni engenabasebenzi abakwaziyo ukuphendula imibuzo yabaphathi.
5. Amarekhodi, ama-systems noma amadata angeke afinyelelwe yinhlangano yasendaweni ngaphandle kwegunya lengane.

Izinkomba ezisebenzayo zabafuna umsebenzi

1. Iqembu eliyinhloko lidinga ukuqashwa ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo. Abaphathi babheka abantu ababizwa ngegama, hhayi izichazamsebenzi.
2. Isiboniso sebhizinisi. Ibhange elikhokhela ngemali edijithali lidinga ukuqeqeshwa kwe-credit ne-technological risk on the board, hhayi kuphela ikhono lokukhokha ngokuvamile.
3. Vula ngokugcwele. Ukungabikho kwatholakale ngemuva kokulimala kwe-reputation ngaphezu kwenkinga yokuqala.
4. Planing for time commitment. Abakhethiwe abangabaphathi abanesigunyazo esiningi bangalahlekelwa yisikhathi sabo kuphela.
5. Isizwe sedokhumende. Bonisa ukuthi izici zokulawula zihlukaniswe kanjani nemigqa yebhizinisi nokuthi zingafinyelela kanjani kwibhodi.

Isiqephu esilandelayo sizokhuluma ngohlelo lokusebenza oludingekayo ukuze ibhange lisebenze: ukuvimbela ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukwazi amakhasimende akho kanye nokulawula izigwebo.