Ukulandelana: AML, KYC kanye nesinqumo

Ibhange elinomqondo oqinile wokubambisana kodwa elingeke likwazi ukuvimbela ukubulala imali, lizozama ukuthola ilayisense futhi, uma lithole ilayisense, lizozama ukuxhuma nesimo semali samazwe omhlaba.

Isilinganiso samazwe ngamazwe: FATF

I-Financial Action Task Force ibeka isitifiketi sezwekazi ezindabeni zayo ezingu-40. Itekisi yamanje, eyathathwa ngo-2012, yabuyekezwa ngo-Okthoba 2025. Izizwe zifaka iziphakamiso ngemithetho, futhi i-FATF kanye nezinhlangano zayo zesifundazwe zibheka izwe ngalinye ngokulinganisa okufanayo.

Iziphakamiso ezibaluleke kakhulu kumabhange zibhalwe ngezansi.

Isiphakamiso	Isihloko
R.1	Ukulinganisa izingozi nokusebenzisa indlela esekelwe ezingozini
R.6 no-R.7	Ukuvikelwa kwezimali okuhloswe ngazo ukuvimbela ubundlobongela nokusakazeka
R.10	Ukwethembeka komthengi
R.11	Ukugcinwa kwerekhodi
R.12	Ababoshwe ngepolitiki
R.13	Ibhange elihambisanayo
R.15	Izinsizakusebenza ezintsha, kufaka phakathi izinto ezibonakalayo
R.16	Ukugcizelela ukukhokha, kwakungukudluliswa kwe-wire
R.17 kuya ku-R.19	Ukuthembela kumaqembu angaphandle, ukulawula kwangaphakathi, amazwe anengozi ephakeme
R.20 no-R.21	Umbiko womsebenzi othakazelisayo kanye nokukhuza
R.24 no-R.25	Ukuvikelwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu

Isisekelo yindlela esekelwe emdlalweni eR.1. Izinqumo kufanele zilinganiswe nezingozi ezichazwe, okusho ukuphenywa okuningi kwabathelisi namabhizinisi anengozi ephezulu kanye nezindlela ezilula lapho umngcele wengozi uphansi kakhulu.

Ukwazi umhlinzeki wakho kanye nomhlinzeki ofanele

Isiphakamiso 10 sivimbela ama-akhawunti angaziwayo nama-akhawunti anegama elicacile. Kudinga i-CDD lapho kusungulwa ubudlelwane bebhizinisi, ngemicimbi ejwayelekile engaphezu kuka-USD/EUR 15,000, uma kukhona ukukhathazeka ngokubulala imali noma ukuxhaswa kwamabutho, futhi uma isigungu sikhathazekile ngezinkomba zokuthola okudlulele.

Izinqumo ze-CDD yilezi:

1. Ukukhomba umhlinzeki nokuqinisekiswa komuntu siqu ngokusebenzisa amadokhumende, idatha noma ulwazi oluthembekile, olunegunya lomthombo.
2. Ukuthola umnikazi obenenzuzo nokuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele ukuqinisekiswa komuntu siqu, kufaka phakathi ukuqonda ubunikazi kanye nesakhiwo sokulawula izinhlangano zomthetho nezivumelwano.
3. Ukuqonda, futhi uma kufanelekile ukuthola ulwazi mayelana, nenhloso kanye nobuhlobo obungalindelekile.
4. Ukwenza uphenyo oluqhubekayo kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinkokhelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zihambisana nolwazi lwesinhlangano mayelana nomxhasi, kufaka phakathi, lapho kuyimfuneko, ukutholakala kwemali.

Uma inhlangano ayikwazi ukuqedela i-CDD, kufanele ingavuli i-akhawunti noma iqede ubudlelwane, futhi icabangele ukufaka ingxelo yokushintshana okushiwo. Nge R.11, ukushintshana kanye namarekhodi we-CDD kumele agcinwe cishe iminyaka emihlanu.

Ukwethembeka okuthuthukisiwe

Ukwethembeka okuthuthukisiwe (EDD) kusebenza lapho umngcipheko uphezulu. Izinto ezivame ukubangela ukuthi kube khona isakhiwo esinzima sokuba ngumnikazi, amabhizinisi adinga imali eningi, abathengi abaxhunywe kumazwe anengozi ephezulu, amabhange kazwelonke, kanye nokuxhumana okungabonakali ngamehlo ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngokuqinile. Izinyathelo ze-EDD zifaka phakathi ubufakazi obuningi bomthombo wemali nesimo sempilo, isiqiniseko sokugunyazwa kokulawula okuphezulu kanye nokubuyekezwa okusheshayo.

Ilungelo lomsebenzisi

Umnikazi obenenzuzo umuntu ophilayo ophethe noma olawula umhlinzeki. R.24 idinga amazwe ukuthi aqinisekise ukuthi ulwazi olufanele, olulungile nolukhona namuhla mayelana nobunikazi obunenzuzo lutholakala kumagunya, nge-register noma ngendlela ehlukile. Ivimbela futhi izilinganiso ezintsha zokubamba futhi idinga izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwabamele abanikazi bezilinganiso nabaphathi.

I-EU ibeka umkhawulo ofanayo. Umthetho wokuvimbela ukudonsa imali, intshisekelo yobunikazi ibhekisa ekubeni ngumnikazi oqondile noma ongaqondile we-25% noma ngaphezulu kwezingxenye, izimfanelo zokuvota noma ezinye izintshisekelo zobunikazi enkampanini. Ukulawula ngezinye izindlela kungakwenza umuntu abe ngumnikazi onenzuzo, futhi umkhawulo we-25% awususanga isidingo sokuqonda ukwakhiwa okuphelele.

Ababoshwe ngepolitiki

A PEP umuntu ogunyaziwe ngemisebenzi ephawulekayo yomphakathi, njengenhloko yezwe, umholi wepolitiki, ummeli omkhulu noma umphathi omkhulu webhizinisi elilawulwa yizwe. Abamelwane kanye nabangane abancane bahlolwa futhi.

Ku-PEPs yangaphandle, R.12 idinga izinhlangano ukuthi:

1. Ube nezinhlelo zokulawula umonakalo ukuze wazi ukuthi ngabe umthengi noma umnikazi obenenzuzo yi PEP.
2. Ukuthola isiqiniseko sokulawula okuphezulu ukusungula noma uqhubeka nokuxhumana.
3. Ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele ukusungula umthombo wemali kanye nomthombo wezimpahla.
4. Ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo.

Ku-PEPs yasekhaya kanye nabantu abanemisebenzi ephawulekayo ezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba, lezi zindlela zisebenza lapho ubudlelwane bunomthelela omkhulu.

Ukuhlolwa kwesinqumo

Ukwephula imithetho kufaka phakathi ukubulala, ukudlwengula R.6, amazwe kufanele ahlanze “ngaphandle kokulibazisa” imali yalabo abakhethiwe yiNhlangano Yezwe yoKhuseleko yezobugebengu, futhi i-R.7 isebenzisa incazelo efanayo yokuxhasa ukusakazeka kokutshalwa kwemali.

Amabhange asebenzisa futhi izinqumo ezizimele zezomthetho lapho esebenza khona. E-EU lezi zici ziyimithetho yeKhomishini. Amabhange akhokha ngezinye izimali kufanele athathe futhi inxaxheba emiphumeleni yezinqumo ababhange babo abalingani besebenzisa, ngoba inkokhelo ephula le migomo izomiswa emkhakheni.

Uhlelo lwezigwebo lufaka:

1. Ukuhlola abathengayo, abanikazi abanenzuzo kanye nezinhlangano ezixhunywe ngesikhathi sokungena futhi lapho uhlu lushintsha khona.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwezinkokhelo, kufaka phakathi amagama amaqembu, amabhange, izikebhe kanye nezindawo, ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphambi kokwenziwa.
3. Ukuphatha izixhumanisi ngesinqumo esibhalwe phansi, ukuvimbela ukuthula okungalungile kanye nokucindezeleka okuningi.
4. Ukuncibilika nokudlulisa izilinganiso kunoma yimuphi umphathi ofanele.
5. Ukulawula ukuvimbela ukukhohlisa, njengokususa noma ukuguqula ulwazi lokukhokha.

Ukulandela umkhondo womsebenzi kanye nezingxelo zomsebenzi othakazelisayo

Ukulandelela ukuthengiselana iqhathaniswa nemisebenzi yomthengi ngeprofayili elindelekile kanye ne-typologies eyaziwayo. Ukulandelela kuvame ukwenziwa ngokuzenzakalela, ngemicimbi nemikhawulo ehlobene nomthengisi webhange, futhi ibuyekezwe ngabacwaningi abaqeqeshiwe.

Ephansi R.20, inhlangano “ekhathazekile noma enezizathu ezifanele zokukhathazeka” ukuthi imali yimali etholakele ngodlame noma ephathelene nokuxhashazwa kobudlova kumele ibike ngokushesha kwiyunithi yolwazi lwezimali. Lezi zibikezelo zibizwa ngokuthi izibikezelo zebhizinisi elikhathazekile noma izibikezelo zomsebenzi okhathazekile ngokuya ngegunya.

Umthetho we-R.21 uvikela abasebenzi abashicilela ngenhloso enhle futhi uvimbela ukukhishwa kwezindaba, okusho ukuthi ukuveza kumthengisi noma abanye ukuthi incwadi ikhishwe. Ibhange kufanele liphathe ubudlelwano bekhasimende ngokucophelela ngemuva kokushicilelwa, ngaphandle kokubonisana nencwadi.

I EU AML iphakethe ne AMLA

I-EU yathatha iphakethe ngowezi-2024 elimayela izimiso eziningi ezisuka emininingwaneni ibe yimithetho esebenza ngokuqondile futhi idala igunya le-EU.

Isisetshenziswa	Into eyenza	Imininingwane ebalulekile
Umthetho (EU) 2024/1624 (AMLR)	Uhlelo olulodwa lwemibandela yezinhlangano ezibophezeleyo: CDD, ukuthengiswa okunenzuzo, ama-PEPs, ukubikezela, umkhawulo we-EU jikelele kukhokha kwemali kwabahwebi bezimpahla nezinsizakalo ngo-EUR 10,000	Kuzosebenza kusukela ngo-10 kuJulayi 2027, nosuku olusha lwamaqembu athile
Imiyalelo (EU) 2024/1640 (AMLD6)	Abaphenyi bezwe, ama-FIUs, izibalo zobunikazi obunenzuzo,	Ukudluliswa okuphelele ngomhla ka-10 kuJulayi 2027, ngezinsuku ezidlule zamanye amathuluzi
Umthetho (EU) 2024/1620 (AMLA)	Ukwenza i-Anti-Money Laundering Authority, ehlala eFrankfurt am Main	Isebenza kusukela ngo-1 kuJulayi 2025, namanye amathuluzi angaphambilini

AMLA Imithetho idinga ukuthi ukhetho lokuqala luqale ngomhla ka-1 kuJulayi 2027, futhi lisho ukuthi ukuqondiswa okuqondile kwezinhlangano ezikhethiwe kufanele kuqale ngo-2028. Uma izinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-40 zihlonishwa emdlalweni wokuqala, AMLA ilawula izinhlangano ezingu-40 ezisebenza ezindaweni eziphezulu zezwe.

Ezinye izinhlangano, abaqondisi bamazwe aphesheya bahlala bephethe, noAMLA ukuhlela nokuqeda imibandela yezobuchwepheshe.

Imithetho yokuhamba

Umthetho wokugibela udinga imininingwane yokukhokha mayelana nomkhiqizi nomuntu otholayo ukuhambisana nokudluliswa ngentambo yokubuyisa imali. Kuvela ku FATF R.16.

E-EU, Umthetho (EU) 2023/1113 isebenza kusukela ngoDisemba 30, 2024 ukudluliswa kwemali kanye ne-crypto-assets. Ukudluliswa kwemali, imininingwane egcwele yomuntu okhokhayo nomuntu othola imali idingeka ngaphezulu kwe-EUR 1,000, ngezidingo ezincane zokudluliswa okuncane okungaxhunyiwe. Ku-crypto-assets, umthetho ufaka izimfuneko ezifanayo "kungakhathaliseki inani labo nokuthi ngabe ziyizimali zasekhaya noma ukudluliswa okuphakathi komgwaqo".

I- FATF R.16 kanye nombiko wayo wokuchaza ngoJuni 2025, washintsha igama lakhe waba yi- CSSFIsihloko:, izinguquko zibeka ngokujwayelekile imininingwane edingekayo emilayezo yokukhokha, zicacisa izibopho ezihamba phambili emkhakheni wokukhokha, zihlanganisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukugembula, ukuthunyelwa okungafanele kanye nephutha njengokuqinisekiswa komuntu okhokhelwayo, futhi zizoqala ukusebenza ngokuphela kuka-2030.

Ingozi yezwe kanye namakhasi omphakathi

I- FATF ishicilela uhlu olulodwa ngemuva kohlelo ngalunye. Kuhlelo lwayo ngoJuni 2026, njengoba kucatshangwa yi- Malta’s FIAU, iDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea, i-Iran neMyanmar zihlala ziyizindawo ezinomthwalo omkhulu wecala ezibhekene nocingo lokwenza umsebenzi. IBosnia neHerzegovina ne-Iraq zashiywa ohlwini lwezifundazwe ezingaphansi kokuqashwa okuphezulu, kanti iAlgeria neNamibia zasuswa.

I-EU igcina uhlu lwayo lwezizwe ezinengozi enkulu. I- European Commission yathatha izinguquko ngoDisemba 2025 ezangeza iRussia, iBolivia kanye neBritish Virgin Islands ngemiphumela evela ku 29 January 2026. Izinhlangano ezimele ze-EU kufanele zisebenzise ukunakekelwa okudingekayo okuthuthukisiwe kuma-relations nama-transactions abandakanya amazwe abhaliswe.

Okusho ukuthi, izimali ezikhokhwa yibhange

1. Ukuhlolwa kwengozi yebhizinisi lonke okubandakanya amakhasimende, imikhiqizo, amathuluzi namazwe, ogunyaziwe yibhodi.
2. Umphathi wezingxoxo zokuhlukunyezwa kwemali onegunya, amathuluzi nokufinyelela ngokuqondile kwibhodi.
3. Amaphoyinti abhalwe phansi namanqubomgomo afana nezinhlelo zokufaka nokuhlola.
4. Izinhlelo ezihlolwe zokuqinisekiswa komuntu siqu, ukuhlolwa nokuqapha, nge-tuning ebhalwe phansi.
5. Training for all staff, with specialist training for front office and compliance.
6. Ukuhlolwa okuzimele yi-auditor yangaphakathi noma umbuyekezi wangaphandle.
7. Ukuhambisana nezinhlelo zebhizinisi. Abaqondisi baqhathanisa iphrojekthi ye- AML namaklayenti afuna ukufinyelela namazwe esicelo, futhi babhekane nezingqungquthela.

Isihloko esilandelayo sibheka amabhange ahambisanayo, lapho lezi zinto zilawulwa khona ngamanye amabhange kanye nabaphathi.