Izinkokhelo ezihlukanisiwe kanye nendlela amabhange akhiqiza ngayo imali

Uhlamvu “izimali zokutshala ezincane zebhange” iphakamisa sithombe esilula. Savers idiphozi imali, ibhange ligcina inqwaba eqoqweni, futhi idlulisa ngaphandle isikhala. Lo mfanekiso ukhona ngokuvamile kumabhuku okufundeka nakwezinye izinqumo izitifiketi business.

Central banks have described the process differently for more than a decade. Ukuqonda incazelo yamanje inkinga kunoma ubani ukwakha ibhange, ngoba ichaza ukuthi yini izinselelo ngokuqinisekile zibophezela: um kapitali, imali engenayo kanye nokuxhaswa, hhayi isibalo se-reserve.

Indlela ukudluliswa kwezimali eyenza ama-deposits

Umbiko osemthethweni ecacile yi-Bank of England 2014 isihloko Ukwakha imali emkhakheni wezomnotho wamanje. Ithi: “Uma ngabe ibhange yenza inkontileka, ngokufanayo yenza idiphozi efana kwi-akhawunti yebhange yomqashi, ngakho kwenza imali entsha.”

I-mechanics yi-bookkeeping. Ibhange lirekhoda i-assets entsha, inkokhelo, kanye ne-liability entsha, idiphozithi ekhokhelwa umqashi.

Akukho isilinganisi esisha se-saver sincishiswa. Umqashi uchitha i-deposit, futhi ihamba kwezinye ama-akhawunti, njalo kumanye amabhange.

I-balance sheet elula ibonisa imiphumela yemali engenayo entsha engu-100 kumthengisi webhizinisi.

Isigaba	Izimali zebhange	Izibopho zebhange	Imali egcinwe ngabantu
Phambi kokukhokhelwa	Izinto ezikhona	Izimali ezikhona kanye nemali	Akukho shintsho
Imali ikhokhwe	I-loan to customer +100	Umthengisi wediphozithi +100	+100
Umthengisi ukhokhela umhlinzeki ebhange elisha	Izinkokhelo ebhange eliphakathi -100	Imali engenayo yomthengi -100	Akukho shintsho ku-total; i-deposit manje ihlala ebhange lomhlinzeki
I-loan ibuyiselwa emuva	I-Loan -100	Imali engenayo yomthengi -100	-100

Umugqa wesithathu yilowo obalulekile kwibhange elilodwa. Imali eyenziwe ngezimali ihlala kuhlelo, kodwa ishiya ibhange elikhokhela kanye nenani elilinganayo lezikweletu zayo.

Isihloko esifanayo sichaza indlela ephikisanayo. Uma umqashi ekhokhela imali engenayo, i-deposit esetshenziselwa ukukhokhisa ilahlekile, ngakho imali ilahlekile. Amabhange akhiqiza futhi imali uma ethenga izimpahla ezifana nama-bonds kamasipala kusuka kumabhange angaba khona, futhi ayinciphise lapho amabhange angaba khona ethenga imali engenayo noma i-equity yesikhathi eside ekhishwe yibhange.

I-Bank of England yalungisa izifiso ezibi ezimbili

Isihloko sichaza amaphutha amabili ajwayelekile:

1. Amabhange njengabaphakathi nendawo. “Ngenxa yokuthi amabhange athola izinkokhelo lapho izindlu zigcina khona bese zidlulisa, ukudluliswa kwebhange kwenza izinkokhelo.”
2. Imali multiplier. “Ezikhathini ezijwayelekile, ibhange eliphakathi akusho ukulungisa inani lemali e circulation, futhi hhayi imali yebhange elisha ‘ukuphindaphinda up’ into credits kanye amafayela.”

Ifakazela ukuthi ama-reserve “angakwazi kuphela ukudluliswa phakathi kwamabhange, njengoba abathengi bangafinyeleli kuma-akhawunti e-reserve” ebhange eliphakathi. Amakhasimende agcina ama-deposits, okungukuthi izimangalo zebhange lokuhweba. Amabhange agcina ama-reserve, okungukuthi izimangalo zebhange eliphakathi.

lapho izimali zikhona khona

Izinkontileka ziyizimali ezigcinwa amabhange ebhange eliphakathi. Zixazulula ukukhokha phakathi kwamabhange: lapho umxhasi ekhokhela omunye umuntu ebhange, ibhange elikhokhisa lidlulisa izikhundla kwibhange elitholayo.

Ibhange elilodwa elidlulisa ngokuqinile lizolahlekelwa izikhundla nezimali ezigcinwe kwezinye ibhange njengoba abakhokhi benkontileka bechitha. Kudingeka ukuthi likhulise izikhundla noma ezinye izikweletu ukuze zishintshwe, noma ligcine imali eyanele yokuzivikela ekuphumeni kwemali. Le yisizathu sokuthi ukungena nokuphuma kwemali, hhayi ubukhulu be-reserve balance ekuqaleni, yenza ukuthi ngabe ibhange elinye lingadlulisa malini.

Uhlelo lonke, i-Bank of England ithi ukuthi “akukho ama-reserve aphathelene nokuvimbela ukudluliswa kwemali, futhi ibhange eliphakathi alilungisi inani lama-reserve atholakalayo”. Ezikhathini ezijwayelekile, amabhange esifundazwe abeka intengo yama-reserve, inani lenzuzo, futhi ahlinzeke ngobukhulu obudingekayo ngamabhange ngaleso sibalo.

Izidingo ze-reserve ezisebenzayo

Izidingo zokugcina zivumela amabhange ukuba agcine isibalo esincane ebhange eliphakathi, ecalwa njengephesenti lemisebenzi ethile. I-Bank of England yabheka ukuthi izidingo zokugcina "zingaba yingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zenqubomgomo yezimali ezimakethe ezihamba phambili namuhla". Izidingo zikhona emhlabeni wonke, emazingeni ahlukene kakhulu.

Umthethosivivinywa	Isidingo	Isizinda
i-United States	0% kuwo wonke amacala kusukela ngo-26 kuMashi 2020	I-Federal Reserve
Indawo ye-Euro	1% on overnight deposits and deposits, debt securities and money market paper up to two years, since 18 January 2012; 0% ngezikhathi ezide	ECB
i-United Kingdom	Akukho sidingo esisemthethweni sokugcina	i-Bank of England
i-India	Isilinganiso semali egcinwe ngaphansi kwe- 3.00%, kanye nesilinganiso sokusebenza ngokusemthethweni se- 18.00%	I-Reserve Bank of India

Izibalo zendawo ye-euro zibonisa ukuthi izidingo zingaba phansi futhi zingakhokhelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. I ECB ikhombisa inani lokukhokhelwa lika-0% ku-minimum reserves yesikhathi sokugcina samanje. lapho isidingo sikhona, kuyizindleko zokwenza bhizinisi kulolu hlelo lomthetho kanye nomthelela emikhankasweni yokuxhasa imali, kodwa akuvamile ukuthi yini evimbela ukukhula kwebhange elisha.

Iyini inkinga yesidingo sokugcina imali ebhange elisha?

1. Ibhange lidinga ukufinyelela kwi-akhawunti yebhange eliphakathi, ngokuqondile noma ngenye inhlangano, ukuze ligcine izikweletu ezidingekayo.
2. Izinkontileka ze-reserve ziyingxenye yokusebenza kwe-liquidity line kumodeli ye-cash flow.
3. Uma ama-reserve akhokhelwanga, kunciphisa umkhawulo wenzuzo encane emigodini enciphisa izindleko.
4. Izidingo kanye nemali yokukhokhelwa zingashintsha, ngakho imikhankaso yebhizinisi kufanele ibheke izilungiselelo ezihlukile.

Izinto ezivimbela ukudluliswa kwemali

Ibhange lase-England lichaza izilungiselelo ezintathu zokuvimbela ukudalwa kwemali yibhange.

1. Izinqwaba zebhange ngalinye

Ibhange kufanele lidlulise ngenzuzo emakethe yokuncintisana. Ibhange ngalinye elisha linengozi yemali engenayo, futhi ibhange kumele libe nentengo yokulimala okulindelekile futhi ligcine um kapitali obhekene nalawo angalindeleki. Kudingeka futhi liphatha ingozi yemali engenayo evela lapho izitolo ezisha zishiya ezinye amabhange.

Isihloko sisho ukuthi inqubomgomo yokulawula icindezela imisebenzi yebhange “ukunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezingozi ezingeke zikhombise umthelela ekusebenzeni kahle kwendlela yezimali”, kufaka phakathi ngezidingo zemali kanye nemali engenayo.

2. Ukuziphatha kwezindlu kanye nezinkampani

Abantu abathola ama-deposits amasha bangawasebenzisa ukukhokha kabusha izibopho ezikhona, okungukuthi kususa imali futhi. Intengo yemali ixhomekeke kulolu khetho kanye nesinqumo sebhange sokudlulisa imali.

3. Inqubomgomo yemali

Isihloko sibiza imithetho yezimali “ukuzivikela okuphezulu ekudaleni imali”. Ngokufaka inani lenzuzo ezitsheni, ibhange eliphakathi lithinta amaphesenti ezimali kanye nezidingo zemali.

Izinkinga eziphathelene nezimali

Imali engenayo yimali eqoqa ilahleko ehlinzekwa ngabanikazi bempahla kanye nabanye abatshalizimali abangaphansi. Yonke imali engenayo entsha ikhuphula izimpahla ezibhekene nengozi, futhi yonke ukukhula kwezimpahla ezibhekene nengozi kudinga inani elikhulu lemali ukuze ligcine izilinganiso zokulawula phezulu kunezinga eliphansi.

E-EU, Isigaba 92 seMigomo Yokudinga Imali sicela izinhlangano zigcine ngaso sonke isikhathi isilinganiso esifanayo se-Equity Tier 1 esingu-4.5%, isilinganiso se-Tier 1 esingu-6%, inani eliphelele lemali elingu-8% kanye nenani lokuguqulwa elingu-3%. Ama-buffers nama-supervisory add-ons ahlala ngaphezu kwalezi zinto ezincane.

Isibonelo elula ibonisa imiphumela. Kubhekwe ukudluliswa ibhange lithwala umfutho ophakathi umonakalo we 100% futhi ibhange idinga inani eliphelele lom kapitali we 12% uma buffers kanye add-ons zibandakanyiwe.

Iyunithi ngayinye engaphezulu 100 yemali engenayo idinga 12 yeyunithi yomnotho. Ibhange eline 60 amayunithi wemali engenayo encane ngaphezu kwezimfuneko zayo lingakwazi ukufaka cishe i-500 amayunithi wokubanika imali ngaphambi kokuba lidinga ukuqoqa imali engenayo eningi noma ligcine inzalo engaphezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhalansi yayo yezimali ezigcinwe.

Imithetho ye-liquidity ifaka isiqiniseko esinzima sesibili. Ibhange kufanele libe nempahla esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu yokugcina ukumelana nobunzima bezinsuku ezingama-30 futhi kumele likhokhele imali engenayo yesikhathi eside ngezimali eziqinile. Lawa mazidingo acaciswe kulesi sihloko mayelana ne-liquidity kanye nokukhokhwa kwemali.

Imiphumela yabasunguli nabatshalizimali

1. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimali. Incwadi yokudlulisa imali ebhange elinokuyenza ilinganiselwe ngemali elino futhi elikwaziyo ukuyikhuphula, ngemuva kokulahlekelwa kokuqala.
2. Izinhlelo zokuxhasa ngokuhambisana nokwethembeka kwezinkokhelo. Izinkokhelo ezicutshungulwe zishiya ibhange uma abakhokhi benkontileka bezisebenzisa, ngakho-ke ibhange lidinga umthombo othembekile wokuxhasa.
3. Thintela izidingo ze-reserve njengelayini yezindleko. Zibalulekile kuma-margins namaphrojekthi, hhayi njengolimi olukhulu lokukhula.
4. Kulindeleke ukuthi abaqondisi bavavanye isinqumo ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Abalawulayo babheka ukuthi ngabe umnotho kanye nemali engenayo zihlala phezulu uma ukukhula, ukulahleka noma ukukhishwa kwemali kuhluka kusuka esigabeni esiyinhloko.

Isihloko esilandelayo sichaza ukuthi indlela izimali ezilawulayo zichazwa ngayo futhi zilinganiselwe ngezansi kwe-Basel framework.