Yini ibhange?

Izinkampani eziningi zibiza ngokwazo amabhange. Abancane kakhulu abanelayisense lebhange. Ukuhlukana kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu, abalingani kanye nabatshalizimali, ngoba kuphela ibhange eligunyaziwe lingathatha ngokusemthethweni izitolo ezivela emphakathini, futhi kuphela ibhange eligunyaziwe lingaphansi kwenqubomgomo egcwele yokunakekelwa okuphelele okuvikela lezi zindawo zokutshala imali.

Le ndatshana ichaza ukuhlolwa komthetho, amamodeli ebhizinisi aphambili, kanye nokuthi ilayisense ivumelanise yini.

Ukuhlolwa komthetho: ama-deposits plus credit

Izinhlelo eziningi zezomthetho zichaza ibhange ngezinqumo zayo hhayi ngegama layo. Ukucaciswa kwe-EU kuyindawo ebalulekile yokubhekisa ngoba izinkantolo eziningi ngaphandle kwe-Europe zisebenzisa amagama afana nawo. Nge Isihloko 4 (1) (1) seMigomo Yezicelo Zemali , inhlangano yediphozithi yinkampani yomsebenzi wayo “ukuthatha izinkokhelo noma ezinye izikweletu ezikhokhwayo kusuka kumphakathi futhi ukunikeza amadiphozithi kwi-akhawunti yayo”.

Izinto ezimbili kufanele zikhona ndawonye. Ukukhokha imali engenayo ngaphandle kokudlulisa, noma ukudlulisa imali yakho engenayo ngaphandle kokuthatha imali engenayo, kuyibhizinisi elisha elisebenzisa indlela ehlukile yokulawula.

Umsebenzi ogcinwe wukuthatha inkokhelo. Isigaba 9 se-Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) idinga ukuthi amazwe amalungu e-EU “agweme abantu noma izinhlangano ezingaba yizikhungo zemali ezingekho emthethweni ukwenziwa kwebhizinisi lokuthatha izinkokhelo noma ezinye izikweletu ezikhokhelwa ngezimali ezivela kumphakathi”.

Why deposits are treated differently

I-deposit yithemba lokukhokha ngokufanayo, njalo uma kudingeka, kwenziwa kubameli bezezimali abavame ukungazi ukuthi ibhange linomthelela yini. Le nhloso iyinto eyenza imali yebhange isebenziseke njengemali. I- Bank of England yaphawula ukuthi amadiphozithi webhange akhiqize u-97% wamanani amakhulu emali e-United Kingdom ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa kwayo ngo-2014.

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-deposits asebenza njengemali, ukulahlekelwa yibhange kuyinkinga yamphakathi kanye nemfihlo. Le yindlela esekelwe ngayo imithetho yezimali nokusebenza kahle, inshuwalense yama-deposit, izimo zokusebenza kahle kwebhange eliphakathi kanye nokuhlelwa nokuhlolwa okulungile kwabaphathi nabanikazi. Yonke le mibandela iyingxenye yesihloko sayo kulolu hlelo.

Ulwazi olubanzi lwe-EU lwamafemu okutshala imali amakhulu kakhulu

Ulwazi olukhona lwe-EU lufaka phakathi nezinye izinkampani ezinkulu zokutshala imali. Ngokusho kwengxenye (b) yesihloko esifanayo CRR, inkampani esebenza nge-akhawunti yayo noma eshicilela iziqinisekiso ngokumelene nesivumelwano sebhizinisi yinhlangano yokwamukela imali lapho izimpahla zayo eziqokiwe zifinyelela ku-EUR 30 billion, noma lapho iyilungu leqembu elinjalo ubukhulu, ngaphansi kwezinkontileka ezichazwe. Lokhu kuthinta inani elincane lamakhaya amakhulu okuthengiswayo, hhayi abameli abajwayelekile.

Okusho ilayisense lebhange

Ilayisense yigunya lokuphatha iqembu elicacisiwe lemisebenzi. E-EU, I-Annex I ye-CRD ikhombisa imisebenzi ethola inzuzo ekuqondene nokuqashwa okufanayo emakethe eyodwa. Kubandakanya:

Imisebenzi ye-Annex I	Umsebenzi owenziwe
1. Ukuthatha ama-deposit nezinye izimali ezibuyiselwa emuva	I-akhawunti yesikhathi samanje, yokulondoloza kanye nesikhathi
2. Ukudluliswa	Imali yomthengi, izimali zokutshala imali, ukukhokhela izindlu
3. Ukulethwa kwezimali	Imali yempahla
4. Izinsizakalo zokukhokha	Ukudluliswa, ukukhishwa kwekhadi, ukufinyelela
6. Iziqinisekiso nezibopho	Izinhlamvu zemali, iziqinisekiso zokusebenza
7. Ukuhweba nge-akhawunti yakho noma ngezivakashi	Izinsizakusebenza zemakethe yamabhange, ukushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe, izimpahla ezivela
8. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekusetshenzisweni kwezimali	Ukufaka uphawu nokubeka
9. Usizo kumabhizinisi	Ukwakhiwa kwezimali, ukuxhunywa nokuthengwa
11. Ukuphathwa kwe-portfolio kanye nezingcebiso	Ukuphathwa kwezimali

Ilayisense ivame ukubandakanya kuphela imisebenzi ebizwa ngegama emvume. Ibhange elifuna ukufaka izinkonzo zokutshala imali, ukugcinwa noma izzinsizakalo ze-crypto-asset lingadinga ukwehlisa ilayisense layo noma imvume eyahlukileyo.

Izimo ezihambisana nelayisense

Ukugunyazwa kuhambisana nezimo ezincane. E-EU lokhu kufaka phakathi imali engenayo yokuqala engaphansi kuka-EUR 5 million, noma engangaphansi kuka-EUR 1 million ngezigaba ezithile ezinikezwa yizwe lilungu (CRD Isigaba 12). Kubandakanya futhi abantu ababi abaqondisa ngokuphumelelayo ibhizinisi, kanye nesevisi enkulu ezweni lilungu lesevisi elibhalisiwe (CRD Isihloko 13).

I-United Kingdom, i Bank of England’s New Bank Start-up Unit ichaza isikhathi sokuzibophezela esihlala isikhathi eside kunenyanga ezingu-12, lapho ukuthatha inkokhelo kuvunyelwe khona kuze kube yi-£50,000.

Isifunda

Ilayisense linikezwa yinhlangano eyodwa yendawo eyodwa. Ku-EU, CRD Isiqephu 33 sivumela inhlangano yokwamukela imali egunyazwe ezweni elinye lamalungu ukuthi iqhubeke nokwenza imisebenzi ye-Annex I kwezinye, ngebhange noma ngezinsizakalo ezidlula emgwaqweni, uma lezi misebenzi zihlobene negunya lekhaya. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukudluliswa kwepasipoti.

ngaphezu kwalezi zivumelwano, ilayisense lihlala likhona emfuleni. Isigaba 21c CRD njengoba kulungiswe yiNqubomgomo (EU) 2024/1619, Ama-Amalungu kufanele afune izinhlangano ezingaphandle kwe-EU ukuthi zivule ifiliali egunyazwe ngaphambi kokunikeza izinkonzo zebhange eziyinhloko kulo Mkhakha, ngaphansi kwezinkontileka ezifana nokucela ngokushintshana kanye nezinsizakalo ezinikezelwe ezifundazweni zemali. Ama-Amalungu kumele asebenzise lesi simiso kusukela ngoJanuwari 11, 2027.

Izinhlobo zebhange

Izinhlamvu ezingezansi zichaza amamodeli webhizinisi. Amanye ahlala elayisense elifanayo lokukhokha, ngezimvume ezahlukene, abathengi kanye neprofayili yengozi.

Uhlobo	Ibhizinisi eliyinhloko	Abathemi abajwayelekile	Izibuyekezo zelayisense
Ibhange lokuhweba	Imali eqoqiwe, izimali ezisebenza, imali yokuhweba, ukukhokha	Izinkampani, izinhlangano zomphakathi	Ilayisense eligcwele lebhange; njalo idinga ukukhokha kanye nezimvume ze-FX
Ibhange lokuhweba	ama-akhawunti aqhubekayo, ukutshala imali, izindlu zangasese,	Abantu kanye nezinkampani ezincane	Ilayisense eligcwele; ukubhaliswa kwe-inshurensi yediphozithi; imithetho yokuziphatha enzima
Ibhange Elizimele	Imali eqoqiwe, ukudluliswa kwemali ngokumelene nempahla, ukulawula i-portfolio	Abatshalizimali abakhulu	Ilayisense lebhange kanye negunya lokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokutshala imali
Ibhange lokutshala imali	Ukubhaliswa, ukuhweba, usizo, izinsizakalo eziphezulu	Izinkampani, izinhlangano, izinhlangano	Inkampani yokutshala imali; idinga ilayisense yebhange uma ithatha izitolo
Ibhange ledijithali	Ifana nebhange le-retail noma i-SME, lithunyelwe ngaphandle kwezindawo zokuhweba	Izinhlangano ezincane neziphakathi	Ilayisense elifanayo namanye amabhange ezifundazweni eziningi; abanye abaqondisi bakhipha iziqu zelayisense
Ibhange elingaphandle kwezwe noma eliphakathi nendawo	Izimali ezigcinwe ebhange kanye nokudluliswa kwezimali	Abaxhasi abangaphandle, amaqembu, izinhlangano	Igunyazwe ezindaweni zezimali zamazwe omhlaba, ngamanye amaxesha ngemikhawulo yebhizinisi lasekhaya

Amabhange edijithali

Ibhange ledijithali yibhange elisebenza ngaphandle kwezinhlaka zemvelo. Ezindaweni eziningi igcina ilayisense elisha futhi lihlangabezana nemali engenayo efanayo, ukuthengiswa kwezimali kanye nomthetho wokuphatha njengebhange elinezinhlaka.

I- Monetary Authority of Singapore ithole izitifiketi ezimbili zebhange eligcwele ledijithali kanye nezitifiketi ezimbili zebhange elisha ledijithali, ezisebenza kuma-SMEs nakwezinye izigaba ezingaba yizo zokuhweba. MAS ichaza ukuthi okwamanje ayihlinzeki ngezitifiketi ezintsha zohlobo olunjalo.

Amabhange ase-Offshore namabhange amazwe omhlaba

Izinsiza zimali zamazwe omhlaba zinikeza izitifiketi zebhange ezihlinzeka ngamakhasimende ngaphandle kwesifundazwe. Amalayisense ahlukaniswa ngokuvamile ngohlobo lwebhizinisi elivunyelwe. The Cayman Islands Monetary Authority reported 76 licensed banks at 30 June 2026, of which 11 held Category A licences and 65 held Category B licences.

Izindawo ezibalulekile zilindele ukutholakala okungokoqobo, hhayi i-brass plate. I-Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook idinga ukuthi abanikazi belayisense lebhange elijwayelekile abanekheli labo elibhalisiwe eBahrain bagcine ikheli labo eliyinhloko eBahrain, futhi idinga ukuthi izifunda zebhange elisha lilondoloze indawo yokulawula yasendaweni kanye nezindawo ezifanele bhizinisi labo.

Yini ilayisense engakunika yona

Ilayisense idingeka ukuphatha amabhange, kodwa kungenakwenzeka ukuthi ifinyeleleke ukulawula amabhange. Kubalulekile ukuba nezingcindezi ezine ezisebenzayo.

1. Ukungena emakethe kwezinye izindawo. Ngaphandle kwezinqumo zokufaka ipasipoti, yonke imakethe entsha idinga isitifiketi sayo, inxanxathela noma ukuxoshwa.
2. Ama-akhawunti ahambisanayo. Ilayisense ayidingi ukuthi iyiphi enye ibhange ivule i-akhawunti kuwe. Ukufinyelela ku-US dollar ne-euro clearing kuxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwengozi yebhange elihambisanayo.
3. Uhlelo lokukhokha nokufinyelela kuhlelo lwekhadi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokusobala kuhlelo lokukhokha noma kuhlelo lwekhadi ngesikhathi sangempela kunemithetho yayo nenqubo yokubhaliswa.
4. Every product. Izinsizakalo zokutshala imali, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-inshurensi kanye nezinsizakalo ze-crypto-assets zingadinga izinkontileka ezahlukene.

Izitifiketi ezishisayo ezingaba yibhange

Izinhlangano zokukhokha kanye nezinhlangano zemali ye-elekthronikhi zihamba futhi zigcina imali yomthengisi kodwa, e-EU, zingathatha izikweletu, ngoba le misebenzi igcinwe izinhlangano zokwamukela imali ngaphansi kwe CRD Isiqephu 9. Izinkampani zokutshala imali zigcina izinto zomsebenzisi nokuthengiswa, kepha azikho izinhlangano zokwamukela imali ngaphandle kokuthi zifakwe ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa kwenkampani enkulu yokutshala imali okuphezulu.

Abahlinzeki bezimali abangamabhange banikeza imali yabo noma imali ekhokhelwe. Ngokuya ngendawo yombuso, bangadinga ilayisense lemali engenayo noma elikhokhelwayo, kodwa hhayi ilayisense lebhange, uma nje bengathatha imali ekhokhwa kabusha evela kumphakathi.

Imibuzo edinga ukuxazululwa ngaphambi kokukhetha ilayisense

1. Ingabe ibhizinisi lizothatha imali ekhokhwayo evela kubantu, noma ingasebenza ngemodeli yemali yokukhokha noma ye-e-money?
2. Yimiphi imisebenzi edingekayo ngosuku lokuqala kusuka kuluhlu lwesiqondisi, nokuthi iziphi ezingeke zilinde?
3. Yimiphi imibhangqwana nemizwe esizakayo, futhi ngabe lokhu kudinga ipasipoti, izifunda noma izinkontileka ezahlukene?
4. Ubani ozohlinzeka nge-akhawunti yokuxhumana kanye nokungena kuhlelo lokukhokha, nokuthi ngemibandela eziphi?
5. Ingabe iqembu lihlangabezana nezidingo eziphansi zemali, ukulawula kwasekhaya kanye nokulawulwa kwesikhathi esigcwele kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa ekubekeni phansi?

Izixazululo zivame ukucisha izinketho ezingokoqobo ezingeni lezomthetho ezimbili noma ezintathu. Izindaba ezilandelayo kule nqubomgomo zichaza izidingo zokwethembeka, ukulawula, ukuhlangabezana nezimo zesakhiwo esidingekayo uma kukhethwa kwenziwa.