I-Correspondent banking icacisiwe

Ibhange ezweni elilodwa elifuna ukukhokha noma ukuthola amadola aseMelika, ama-euro noma iyiphi enye imali engenayo yangaphandle lidinga i-akhawunti nebhange elikwazi ukuxazulula ngalolu hlobo lwemali. Ebhange elisha, ukuthola lezi zimali kunzima kakhulu kunalokho ukuthola ilayisense ngokwalo.

Abaphendulayo nabaphenduli

I-CPMI’s 2016 report on correspondent banking ichaza uphawu olujwayelekile: uhlelo lapho ibhange elinye, elihambisanayo, “ligcina amadiphozithi amilikiwe ngamanye amabhange (abaphenduli) futhi linikeza ukukhokha nezinye izinsizakalo kulawo mabhange aphendulayo”. Engxenyeni yayo ebaluleke kakhulu, idinga abaphenduli ukuthi bavule ama-akhawunti kumabhuku okuxhumana nokho amabhange amabili ukuba ashintshe imiyalezo ukuze axazulule izitolo ngokudlulisa nokudlulisa lezi zimali.

Umthumeli unikeza ukufinyelela. Umphenduli uyisebenzisa ngenhloso yakhe kanye nabathengi bayo. Izinsizakalo zifaka phakathi ukudluliswa kwamazwe omhlaba, ukuphathwa kwezimali, ukukhishwa kwezinkokhelo, ama-loans, ama-letters of credit kanye nokushintshana kwamanye amazwe.

I-CPMI iphawula ukuthi ubudlelwano buvame ukuba ngokulinganayo, ibhange ngalinye lisiza elinye ngemali ehlukile. Ukuxhumana kwebhange kubaluleke kakhulu kumadiphozithi adlula emgwaqweni, ngoba amadiphozithi asendlini ngokuvamile axazululwa ngokusebenzisa amasistimu wokukhokha.

Ama-akhawunti we-Nostro ne-vostro

Lezi zilimi ezimbili zichaza i-akhawunti efanayo kusuka emigwaqweni emibili.

Isikhathi	Isichazamazwi	Incwadi yomuntu egcina i-akhawunti	Isibonelo kusuka kumbono webhange A
Nostro (	I-akhawunti yethu, egcinwe kwezinye ibhange	Izincwadi zebhange	I-akhawunti yedola laseMelika lebhange A ebhange B eNew York iyi-akhawunti yethu yebhange A
Vostro (	I-akhawunti yebhange elilodwa, eligcinwe nathi	Incwadi yethu	I-akhawunti ye-euro yebhange C ebhange A yi-akhawunti ye-vostro

Ngakho-ke i-akhawunti ibhange A liyigcina ebhange B yi-nostro yebhange A ne-vostro yebhange B. Ibhange ngalinye ligcina futhi irekhodi langaphakathi le-nostro yayo, elivumelanisa namazwi asuka ku-correspondent. Ingxelo ye-CPMI ibiza leli rekhodi langaphakathi njenge-akhawunti ye-mirror, egcinwa ngenhloso yokubalwa kwezimali.

Igama loro (“babo”) ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa kwi-akhawunti yomntu wesithathu egcinwe ku-correspondent. Kwimisebenzi, amabhange amaningi asebenzisa nostro novostro.

Indlela ukukhokha okuhambisanayo kuhamba ngayo

Umbiko we-CPMI ubonisa inkokhelo evela kumthengisi webhange A kuye kumthengisi webhange C ngebhange B.

1. Ibhange A lidlulisa imali kwi-akhawunti yomxhasi.
2. Ibhange A lithumela umlayezo wokukhokha kwibhange B.
3. Ibhange B lidlulisa imali kwi-akhawunti yebhange A emibhalweni yayo.
4. Ibhange B lidlulisa imali kwi-akhawunti yebhange C ezincwadini zayo, noma, uma ibhange C alinakho i-akhawunti nalo, likhokha ibhange C ngenqubo yokukhokhela lapho bonke bebandakanyeka khona.
5. Ibhange B lithumela umlayezo kwibhange C.
6. Ibhange C lidlulisa imali kumthengisi otholayo.

Amabhange aphakathi

Uma amabhange athumelayo namabhange atholayo angabelana nge-correspondent, amabhange amaningi axhumana ne-chain. Lawa abizwa ngamabhange aphakathi.

Yonke enye ifaka isikhathi, imali, ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana nendawo yokunqoba. Yonke enye idinga ulwazi olunembile kumlayezo wokukhokha ukuze uyihlole, okuyinjongo yomthetho wokuhamba ochazwe kwisihloko sokuvumelana.

Ukukhokha kungahlukaniswa futhi. Ekuqwashiseni ukukhokhiswa, imininingwane yomthengi ihamba ngqo kusuka ebhange ukuthumela kubhange lomtholampilo, ngenkathi umlayezo ohlukile webhange-ku-bhange uhambisa imali ngokusebenzisa abalingani. I-CPMI ithi ukuthi zombili indlela yesevisi kanye nendlela yokucubungula ingasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nemithetho AML, uma umlayezo wokucubungula uthwale ulwazi oludingekayo.

Indawo lapho isixazululo siqhubeka khona

Correspondents u settle phakathi kwabo kwindlela ukukhokha izimali. For euro, Eurosystem’s real-time gross settlement system is T2, okuyinto ECB uthi izinhlangano zingafinyelela njengezithameli eziqondile, njengoba multi-addressees, noma ngokusebenzisa amalungiselelo correspondent. Ibhange respondent ngaphandle ukungena ngokusobala lithembela kubandakanyeka correspondent yayo.

Umsebenzi we SWIFT

SWIFT, iSociety for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, isebenza ngenethiwekhi yokuthumela imilayezo. Ifaka iziqondiso zokukhokha ezijwayelekile phakathi kwamabhange, kodwa ayigcinanga ama-akhawunti noma ihambisa imali. Ukuxazululwa kwenziwa ngezincwadi zamakhomishini namasistimu wokukhokha.

A SWIFT uxhumano kanye nekhodi ibhange isibonisi ngakho kudingeka kodwa akunembile. Ngaphandle akhawunti correspondent, ibhange ingathumela imilayezo kodwa akwazi ukuxazulula izikhokhi zemali yangaphandle. Izinhlelo zokukhokha ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi T2, manje usebenzisa i ISO 20022 umlayezo standard, okuyinto ethwalisa richly structured data mayelana nabaphikisi.

Ukuxhumana okunethezeka kanye ne-akhawunti ekhokhelwa nge-akhawunti

Umbiko we-CPMI uchaza izimo ezimbili ezinomthelela omkhulu.

1. Nested correspondent banking. Amabhange amaningi asebenzisa ubudlelwane obufanayo ngokuqondile, nge-respondent eqondile ye-correspondent. I-correspondent ibona izikweletu ezivela kumabhange ayizange ihlolwe.
2. Ama-akhawunti akhokhelwa ngezimali. Umphenduli uvumela abathengi bakhe ukuba bafinyelele kwi-akhawunti yomlayezo ngokuqondile ukuze benze ukuhweba ngesandla sabo.

Zonke ezimbili zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuthi umthumeli akwazi ukuthi yini izimali ezisebenza ngazo. I-CPMI yathola ukuthi lezi zinsizakalo zancishiswa, ngakho-ke amabhange omthumeli ojwayelekile alawula ubudlelwane obuseleyo.

Imithetho edingekayo yokuxhumana

FATF Isinqumo 13 sidinga abaphendulayo, ngaphandle kokwethembeka okujwayelekile kwekhasimende, ukuthi:

1. Ukuqoqa ulwazi olunembile mayelana nomphenduli ukuze aqonde ibhizinisi lakhe futhi acacise, kusuka kulwazi lwabasebenzi, inkani layo kanye nekhwalithi yokulawula kwayo, kufaka phakathi noma yiluphi uphenyo lwe-ML/TF noma isenzo esilawulayo.
2. Linganisa AML/CFT izilawuli zomphenduli.
3. Ukuthola isiqiniseko sokulawula esiphezulu ngaphambi kokusungula ukuxhumana okusha.
4. Ukuqonda ngokucacile izibopho zenhlangano ngayinye.
5. Ku-akhawunti ezikhokhelwa ngezimali, uqiniseke ukuthi umphenduli useqedile i-CDD kubathengi abanelungelo lokufinyelela ngokusobala futhi angayihlinzeka uma ecela.

I FATF futhi ivimbela ubudlelwano bokuxhumana nababhange be-shell futhi idinga abaphenduli ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthi abaphenduli bangavumela amabhange e-shell ukusebenzisa ama-akhawunti abo. I-FATF glossary ichaza ibhange le-shell njengomunye ongenakho ukubonakala komuntu siqu ezweni lapho kufakwe khona futhi ligunyazwe, futhi alihlobene neqembu elilawulwa ngaphansi kokuqondiswa okusebenzayo. Ukubonakala komuntu siqu kusho "umbono obalulekile nokulawula okutholakala ngaphakathi kwezwe", hhayi nje ummeli wasendawo noma abasebenzi abaphansi.

Imithetho yezwe lase-US ifaka umthetho ofanayo kuma-akhawunti agcinwe e-United States: ngaphansi kwe 31 CFR 1010.630, inhlangano yezezimali ehlobene “akufanele isungule, igcine, iphatha, noma iphathe i-akhawunti yokuxhumana e-United States, noma ngenye indlela, ibhange le-shelf elisha”, futhi kufanele lithathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokulwa nokusetshenziswa okungaqondile. Ngenxa yokuthi inani elikhulu lamadola ase-US likhokha ngamabhange ase-US, leli mithetho libalulekile emhlabeni wonke.

Ukunciphisa umngcipheko nokuncipha kokuxhumana

Ukunciphisa umngcipheko kusho ukuyeka noma ukuvimbela ubudlelwano namanye amaqembu amakhasimende noma amazwe, ngaphezu kokulawula umngcipheko ngecala ngalinye. Kuye kwaba yinkinga yenqubomgomo ngemuva kuka-2011.

I-CPMI kanye SWIFT ilandelele ushintsho. Umbono we-CPMI ngo-2020 I-World Bank ithole ukuthi inani lamabhange asebenzayo ezweni lonke lahla ngamaphesenti angama-22 phakathi kuka-2011 no-2019, kanti inani lemigwaqo yokukhokha lihla ngamaphesenti angama-12.

Ivolumu kanye nenani lemali ekhokhwa ngaphesheya komgwaqo liqhubeke nokukhula kulo nyaka, okusho ukuthi izingcingo eziningi zihamba ngebhanki ezincane. I-CPMI ne- SWIFT zashicilela idatha yonyaka kuze kube yilapho i-data set yesikhathi sokuphela konyaka ka-2022, ukufeza isibopho sabo ku-FSB.

I- Financial Stability Board ichaza ukuncipha ngokuthi “ukuqiniswa kwezimboni, ukwehla kwenzuzo kusuka kulezo misebenzi, ukukhathazeka okuphelele kwamabhange ahambisanayo kanye nezizathu ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene ne- AML/CFT noma izimiso zokuphoqelela”. Uhlelo lwayo lokusebenzela olunamaphuzu amane, lwaqala ngoNovemba 2015, lwahlanganisa ucwaningo oluthe xaxa, ukucaciswa kwezintshisekelo zokulawula yi- FATF neKomiti laseBasel, ukwakha amandla asekhaya, nokuthuthukisa amathuluzi okunakekelwa okudingekayo. In 2018 the FSB also published a stocktake on remittance service providers losing access to banking.

Umbiko we-CPMI wathola ukuthi abakwa-corespondents baphuze izinkonzo zabaphenduli abazange bakhiqize umthamo ophelele wokugcoba izindleko zokuhambisana, babekhona ezindaweni zomthetho ezithathwa njengezingozi kakhulu, bahlinzeka ngamakhasimende mayelana nalokho ulwazi alulungile, noma banikela ngemikhiqizo enengozi ephezulu noma izinhlobo zamaklayenti.

Kungani amabhange amasha ukulwa ukuthola USD ne-EUR clearing

Yonke ingxenye engezansi isebenza ngesandla esingeziwe kubhange elisha eligunyazwe.

1. Akukho rekhodi lokulandelela. Umthumeli akakwazi ukubuyekeza iminyaka yedatha yokukhokha, izinhlolovo zokuhlola noma imbali yokulawula.
2. Low volume yokuqala. Onboarding kanye nokuhlolwa ngonyaka we respondent izindleko correspondent efanayo noma yini umthamo, futhi amavolumu kuqala ibhange elisha kangako ukuwahlanganisa.
3. Ingozi yezomthetho. Amabhange anelayisense ezindaweni zomthetho ezibhalwe ku- FATF noma kuluhlu lwe-EU, noma ezinokuhlolwa okuncane okwamanje, abhekene nokuphenywa okukhulu noma ukuvimbela.
4. Customer risk. Business models built on non-resident customers, fintech or payment institution clients, crypto-asset firms or high-risk sectors look like nesting to a correspondent.
5. Ubunikazi nokuphathwa. Ubunikazi obumnyama noma abaphathi abangaba nesipiliyoni sebhange bangaphumelelanga ukubhekana nokwethembeka okudingekayo naphezu kokuthi badlulise ilayisense.
6. Izinga eliphakeme phakathi kwabahlinzeki. Ngezilinganisi ezincane ezisebenza ngemali ngayinye, ukuxoshwa kwesinye noma ezimbili kungavala imakethe.

Indlela abafaki-zicelo bethuthukisa ngayo

1. Plain correspondent access before applying. Uhlelo lwebhizinisi oluya ngokukhokha ngemali yangaphandle ludinga impendulo ethembekile yokuthi bazoyixazulula kanjani, futhi abaphathi bazoyihlola.
2. Qala nge-corespondent yendawo. Umphenduli angakha irekhodi nebhange lendawo ngaphambi kokufinyelela kumadola noma ama-euro aphelele.
3. Setha iphakethe eligcwele le-due diligence. Amacharts wokuba ngumnikazi kumuntu ojwayelekile, izitifiketi, AML amaphothifoliyo, ukubikezela umngcipheko, izimpendulo zokuhlola, kanye nemibuzo yemboni abaphendulayo besebenzisa.
4. Gcina imodeli yomthengi icacile. Xhumana nomuntu ozoba nemali, futhi ugweme ukunikela nge-akhawunti kwezinye izibhangqwana noma amafemu okukhokha kuze kube kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi kulawulwa kanjani.
5. Diversify early. Abalingani ababini ngemali ebalulekile bandise umngcipheko wokuthi ukuyeka okufanayo kuqede ibhizinisi.

Isihloko esilandelayo sizokhuluma ngezinhlelo ezikhona ngalokhu konke: ama-core banking platforms, ukuthengiswa kwangaphandle kanye nokulawulwa kwetekhnoloji.