I-Core banking, i-cloud, ukukhishwa kwangaphandle kanye nokulawulwa kwetekhnoloji

Ibhange liyisethingi sezingxoxo ezishicilelwe kwi-ledger. Uma i-ledger iyiphutha, ayitholakalanga noma ihlobene, ibhange alikwazi ukwazi ukuthi yini edingayo, ukukhokhela amakhasimende ayo noma ukuthumela ingxelo kumphathi wayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abaqondisi manje babheka ubunjiniyela bezobuchwepheshe, ukukhishwa kwangaphandle kanye nokumelana ne-cyber ngokucophelela njengezinhlelo zezimali.

Uhlelo lwebhange oluyinhloko lusebenza kanjani

I-core banking system yi-ledger ye-record. Igcina ikhasimende kanye nedatha ye-akhawunti, ishicilela yonke inkokhelo, ibala izikweletu nezindleko, futhi ikhiqiza izilinganiso lapho konke okunye kusekelwe khona.

Imisebenzi ejwayelekile ifaka:

Imisebenzi	Into equkethwe
Ukuphathwa kwekhasimende ne-akhawunti	Izinkomba zekhasimende, ukuvula i-akhawunti, izimo zomkhiqizo, isimo se-akhawunti
I-Ledger neposi	Isikhathi sangempela noma ukushicilelwa kwe-batch kwama-debit nama-credits, i-general ledger feeds
Izitolo	I-akhawunti yesikhathi samanje, yokulondoloza kanye nesikhathi sokuhlala, ukuqoqwa kwenzuzo nokutshala imali
Ukufaka imali	Izixhumanisi zokuqala zezimali, amaschedules, ukubuyiselwa kwemali, izikweletu, ukuhlinzeka ngemithombo
Izixhumanisi Zokukhokha	Ukuxhuma kuma-hubs wokukhokha, abakhiqizi bekhadi kanye nama-akhawunti ahambisanayo
Uhlelo lokusebenza lwemikhiqizo	Amaphesenti, izindleko, ama-limits namamithetho ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwekhodi
Ulwazi nokuhlaziywa	Izinhlamvu zezimali, ingozi, ukubikezela okulawulwayo kanye nokuhlola AML

Ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo zikhona ezinye izimiso: ama-channels edijithali, indawo yokukhokha, ukuphathwa kwekhadi, ukungena kwamakhasimende kanye nokuqinisekiswa komuntu siqu, ukuhlolwa kwezinsolo, ukulandela umkhondo wezitolo, izimali, izimali kanye nenjini yokuhlaziya.

Izinketho zesitayela

Amabhange amasha avame ukukhetha phakathi kwamamodeli amathathu.

1. Isofthiwe enelayisense, egcinwe yibhange noma umhlinzeki. Ibhange lilawula ukumiswa nedatha, kodwa lithatha isisindo sokuhlanganisa.
2. Software njengenkonzo kwi-cloud platform. Faster ukuqashwa, kodwa ibhange li bergantung ku roadmap umhlinzeki kanye nokwethembeka, futhi isixazululo siyi-outsourcing.
3. I-Banking njengenkonzo evela kwezinye izinhlangano ezinelayisense. Indlela ehamba phambili, kodwa ingaphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe ibhange elisha linezinto eziningi ngokwalo.

Abaphenyi abaqondisa abagqugquzeli imodeli. Babheka ukuthi ngabe ibhange liqonda futhi lilawula enye ekhethiwe.

Imithetho yokwabelana

Ukukhishwa kufakazela ukuthi umhlinzeki wenkonzo usebenza ngenqubo, izinsizakalo noma imisebenzi ebhange lizoyenza ngokwalo. EBA Izincomo zokuphatha (EBA/GL/2019/02) yaqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-30 kuSepthemba 2019. EBA’s iziphakamiso ezahlukene on outsourcing abahlinzeki zezinsizakalo icloud.

Isisekelo esiyinhloko wukuthi imfanelo ayikwazi ukudluliselwa kwabanye. Iqembu lokulawula lihlala lilawula zonke izinqubo ezidluliselwe kwamanye amazwe. Izinhlangano “zifanele zigcine isikhathi ngasinye izinto ezidingekayo futhi zingaba yi-‘empty shells’ noma ‘letter-box entities’”.

Imisebenzi emikhulu noma ebalulekile

Imiyalelo ifaka izimfuneko eziqinile lapho umsebenzi owenziwe ngaphandle kubaluleke kakhulu noma ubalulekile, okusho ukuthi ukungaphumelelanga kuzothinta ngokusobala ukuhambisana, ukusebenza kwemali noma ukuqhubeka.

1. Yenza ukuhlolwa kwengozi kanye nokuzibophezela okudingekayo kumhlinzeki ngaphambi kokwenza isivumelwano.
2. Ifaka phakathi ilungelo lokufinyelela, ulwazi kanye nokuhlolwa kwebhange negunya elifanele.
3. Ukulawula ukukhishwa kwangaphandle, kufaka phakathi isimemezelo kanye nelungelo lokuphikisana noma lokuyeka.
4. Ukubeka izidingo zokuphepha kwedatha, indawo kanye nobumfihlo.
5. Ukuthola nokubhekana nezindlela zokuphuma.
6. Ukwazisa igunya eligunyaziwe ngaphambi kokuba kubhekwe ukukhishwa kwangaphandle okubalulekile noma okubaluleke kakhulu.

Zonke izinqubomgomo kumele zibhalwe ohlwini lokukhishwa kwangaphandle olugcinwa yibhange.

Ngaphesheya kwe-EU

E-United Kingdom, PRA Isinqumo Sokuqondisa SS2/21 mayelana nokukhishwa kwangaphandle kanye nokulawula umngcipheko weqembu lesithathu, oshicilelwe ngoMashi 2021 futhi osebenza kusukela ku-31 Mashi 2022, ifaka ubulukhuni, ubumfihlo bedatha, i-cloud nezinhlelo zokuyeka. I-PRA ichaza ukuthi iyinhloso yokusiza "ukubuyiswa okukhulu nokuthatha i-cloud nezinye izithasiselo ezintsha".

eSingapore, MAS Imiyalelo yokulawula ingozi yezobuchwepheshe, eshicilelwe ngomhla ka-18 kuJanuwari 2021, ibeka izimiso zokuphatha umonakalo wezobuchwepheshe, IT kanye nokubuyiswa kwe-cyber, futhi iqukethe isimemezelo esiphathelene nemiyalelo yokufaka isicelo sengozi.

DORA: ukubekezelelana kokusebenza kwedijithali e-EU

I- Umthetho Wezokusebenza Kokumelana Nezimo Zomsebenzi, Imithethonqubo (EU) 2022/2554, isebenza kusukela ngoJanuwari 17, 2025. Ifaka ukuphathwa kwengozi ye-ICT, ukuhlaziywa kwezimo, ukuhlolwa kanye nengozi yeqembu lesithathu emthethweni owodwa wezinkampani eziningi zezimali ze-EU, kuhlanganise namabhange.

Indawo ye-DORA	Izidingo eziyinhloko zebhange
Ukuphathwa kwengozi ye-ICT	Iphrojekthi ebhalwe phansi evunyelwe futhi iqondiswe yinhlangano yokulawula, ehlanganisa ukuphawula, ukuvikela, ukubikezela, ukuphendula nokubuyisela
Ingxelo yengozi	Izinkinga ezinkulu eziphathelene ne-ICT kumele zithunyelwe kumphathiswa ogunyaziwe ngaphansi Isigaba 19, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlelwa okuhambisanayo
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Resilience	Iphrojekthi yokuhlola yazo zonke izinhlangano; ezizimele ezichazwe yizinkampani, ukuhlolwa okusezingeni eliphakeme kokuhlaselwa okwenziwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuzinhlelo zokukhiqiza eziphilayo ngaphansi Isigaba 26
I-ICT	Uhlelo lwe-ICT oluphathelene nobungozi beqembu lesithathu, izimo eziphansi zekontrathi, kanye nerejista yolwazi mayelana nazo zonke izinhlelo Isigaba 28
Ukuqapha abahlinzeki	I-European Supervisory Authorities ikhetha abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-ICT ababalulekile abasebasha futhi babhekana nabo ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwesigaba 31.

Isiqephu 28 sisho ukuthi izinhlangano zezimali ezisebenzisa izinsizakalo ze-ICT “zizohlala, ngaso sonke isikhathi, zibamba iqhaza ngokugcwele ekuthobeleni, kanye nokukhishwa kwazo zonke izikweletu” ngaphansi DORA I-Registry kumele ihlukanise izinkonzo ezixhasa imisebenzi emikhulu noma ebalulekile. Izinhlangano kufanele zithole umbiko ngonyaka ngezinhlelo ezintsha futhi zixhumane noMnyango ngendlela efanele mayelana nekontrathi elungiselelwe imisebenzi emikhulu noma ebalulekile.

DORA isebenza ngaphaya kwe- EBA iziqondiso zokwabelana ngempahla. Emisebenzini, amabhange agcina inkontileka eyodwa ehlangabezana nazo zombili.

Ukuphepha kwe-Cyber

Ingozi ye-cyber namuhla iyingxenye yokulawula okuqinile. Abaphathi balindele ukuthi ibhange likwazi izimpahla zayo zolwazi, lizivikele ngokuhambisana nobungozi babo, lithole ukuhlaselwa ngokushesha, futhi libuyisele izinkonzo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwezimo ezicacisiwe.

Izinkinobho zokulawula zihlanganisa:

1. Ukuvikelwa okuqinile komuntu siqu kanye nokulawula ukufinyelela, ngobufakazi obuningi bezinto kanye nokulawulwa kokufinyelela okunelungelo.
2. Ukuvikelwa kohlelo lokusebenza lokuthuthukiswa kanye nokulawula ushintsho, kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kwe-vendor.
3. Ukungena ngemvume kwedatha ekuhambeni kwayo kanye nokuphumula, kanye nokulawula izithonjana ezilawulwa yibhange.
4. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nekhono lokusebenza kokuphepha, ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle.
5. Ukuphathwa kwe vulnerability kanye nokuhlolwa kokungena okujwayelekile.
6. Ama-backup ahlukaniswe nesimo sokukhiqiza futhi ahlolwe ukubuyiselwa emuva.
7. Izinqumo zokuphendula izigameko ezihlanganisa umbiko womthetho kanye nokuxhumana kwamakhasimende.

Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhasimende, ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kanye nokuqinisekisa okuqinile kwamakhasimende kuvikela amakhasimende njengoba ukukhokha kwenziwa ngokushesha futhi kungabuyiselwa emuva.

Ingxelo yezomthetho

Ibhange lishicilela inani elikhulu ledatha kubaphathi kanye nebhange eliphakathi. E-EU, Isigaba 430 se- CRR sidinga ukuthi izinhlangano zishicilele ngezidingo zezimali zazo ezibandakanya isilinganiso sokusebenzisana, ukubonakaliswa okukhulu, izimfuneko zokuhamba kwemali, ukulimala kwezimpahla nokubonakala kwe-ESG, phakathi kwamanye amathuluzi, futhi ezinye izinhlangano kufanele zishicilele imininingwane yezezimali. Amabhange aphakathi anciphisa ukushicilelwa kwedatha, futhi amayunithi wezenhlalo athola izitatimende zokudluliselwa okungalindelekile.

Izinhlolovo zilungile kuphela uma i-data engaphansi kwazo. Intambo kusuka kuhlelo oluyinhloko kuya kumlawuli ivame ukushayela:

1. Umthombo wedatha kuhlelo oluyinhloko nakwamanye amasistimu okusebenza.
2. I-data warehouse noma i-reporting layer enesiqiniseko se-general ledger.
3. Injini yombiko olawulayo ekhombisa idatha kumathempulethi okuqondisa kanye nemithetho yokuqinisekiswa.
4. Ukubuyekezwa nokugunyazwa ngokuya ngemali nengozi, ngokulawula okubhalwe phansi.
5. Ukuthunyelwa nge-portal noma ngefomethi yomqondisi.

Amaphutha ekuhlaziyeni kungaholela ezifundweni zokulawula futhi, lapho bakhohlisa umqondisi, ukuphatha. Amabhange amasha kaningi underestimate umsebenzi we-mapping impahla data ukubonisana templates ngaphambi kokuqala.

Izinto abaphathi abafuna ukuzibona esicelo selayisense

1. Isiboniso esicacile sokwakhiwa kwenjongo, ngesimo ngasinye, umnikazi wayo, umhlinzeki wayo kanye nendawo yayo.
2. Imephu yemisebenzi ebalulekile noma ebaluleke kakhulu, ibonisa ukuthi iziphi imisebenzi ezinikezelwe kwamanye amazwe nokuthi ngubani.
3. Izinhlelo zokuphumazomthengisi ngamunye obalulekile, ezifanele isikhathi nemali.
4. Indawo yedatha nokufinyelela, kufaka phakathi umphathi kanye negunya lokuxazulula.
5. Ukumelana okuhlolwe, ngezikhathi zokubuyisa ezifana nezingxoxo zenkonzo yephrojekthi yomsebenzi.
6. Isiqiniseko sokulungiselela, njengokuvavanywa kokuphela kuya kukuphela, ukuqeqeshwa kokufuduka nokuvunyelwa kokusebenza.

The ECB’s guide to fintech bank licensing ubuza abafunayo ukuba bacabangele isinqumo sokuyeka imisebenzi ngendlela efanele futhi ephumelelayo, ngaphandle kokulimaza amakhasimende noma odinga ukungenisa izidakamizwa.

Isihloko esilandelayo sichaza ama-rails wokukhokha ukuthi uhlelo oluyinhloko luxhumana nalo: amakhadi ezinhlelo, SEPA, ukukhokhelwa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nesikhathi sangempela sokubuyiselwa kwemali.