Amakhadi nama-rails wokukhokha

Amakhasimende ibhange ucabanga ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ngokuthi kanjani ukukhokha umsebenzi. Amakhadi kufanele avunyelwe, ukudluliswa kumele zifike, futhi amaholo kufanele zulazule ngesikhathi. Ngaphakathi ngayinye yalezi yisethingi rails: schemes, clearing systems and settlement systems, ngayinye nemithetho yayo membership.

Le ndatshana ichaza ama-rails aphambili ababhange amasha axhumana nawo, usebenzisa i-EU njengesibonelo esicacile kakhulu sokulawula.

Izilungiselelo zekhadi

Uhlelo lwekhadi liyisethulo semithetho kanye nenethiwekhi evumela amakhadi akhishwa yinhlangano eyodwa ukuba avunyelwe ngabahwebi abahlinzekwa ngumunye. I-EU Interchange Fee Regulation ihlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili.

Imodeli	Isebenza kanjani	Isibonelo sesakhiwo
I scheme yeqembu elinhlanu	Imisebenzi isuka kwi-akhawunti yomkhokhi iye ku-akhawunti yomkhokhelwa ngenqubo, umhlinzeki engxenyeni yomkhokhi nomthengisi engxenyeni yomkhokhelwa.	Izinsizakusebenza ezinkulu zekhadi le-debit ne-credit
I-Three-party scheme	Uhlelo lwayo lunikeza ukukhishwa kanye nokufinyelela	Amanethiwekhi akhipha amakhadi futhi asayine abahwebi ngokuqondile

Ukukhishwa nokufinyelelwa

Umthetho uchaza imisebenzi emibini. Umhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zokukhokha “ukwenza isivumelwano sokuhlinzeka umkhokhi ngethuluzi lokukhokha ukuze aqale futhi aqhubekele phambili ukukhokhelwa kwekhadi elisekelwe ku-akhawunti yomkhokhi”. Okutholayo uhlinzeki “owenza isivumelwano nomkhokhelwa uku accettela nokuqhuba ukukhokhelwa kwekhadi elisekelwe ku-akhawunti yomkhokhi, okuholela ekudluliseni kwemali kumkhokhelwa.”

Imisebenzi	Umthengi	Imisebenzi eyinhloko	Amangozi aphambili
Ukwenza	Umnikazi wekhadi	Ukukhishwa kwekhadi, ukugunyazwa, ukudluliswa noma ukulahleka kwe-akhawunti, izingxabano, ukuhlolwa kokuhlukunyezwa	Ingozi yekhadi le-credit, ukugembula, ukubuyiselwa kwemali, ukulandela izinhlelo
Ukuthola	Umhwebi	Ukufaka abahwebi, ukuxoshwa kwabahwebi, ukuphathwa kwe-chargeback	Ukukhangisa kokungasebenzi, ukukhokhiswa emuva kwezindleko, AML umngcele emisebenzini yomthengisi

Ababini bamabhizinisi ahlukene nge profiles umonakalo ezahlukene. ibhange ingakwenza noma eyodwa noma zombili. Ukukhishwa yindawo yokuqala ejwayelekile yebhange lokuhweba; ukuthenga izidingo ummeli umonakalo ubuhlakani kanye nemali eningi for chargeback ukubonakala.

Ushintsho

I-Interchange yimali ekhokhwa phakathi komhlinzeki nomuntu othola ikhadi ngalinye. E-EU, i-Interchange Fee Regulation ibeka phezulu ku-0.2% yexabiso lekhadi lokukhokha lomsebenzisi kanye ne-0.3% yekhadi lokukhokha lomsebenzisi.

Amakhadi ebhizinisi angaphandle kwe-caps. I-interchange caps ikhuphula ukukhishwa kwezinkokhelo, okubaluleke kakhulu kumamodeli webhizinisi asekelwe kwimali engenayo yekhadi.

Ilungu eliyinhloko kanye BIN nomxhasi

Izinhlelo zivumela izinhlangano ukuthi zikhiphe noma zithole ngaphansi kwegama labo. Izimiso zobulungu yimigomo yomuntu siqu ebekwe yizinhlelo ngayinye, hhayi imithetho, futhi zishintsha. Ukwakhiwa okubanzi kufana kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi amakhulu.

Umengameli oyinhloko

Umngane oyinhloko unesivumelwano esiqondile ne-scheme. Ithola inani layo lebhange lokuzibonakalisa (BIN) eliphakathi, lihlala ngokusobala ne-scheme, futhi libhekene ngokusobala nokuhambisana nemigomo ye-scheme.

Ukumenywa njengolungu olukhulu kudinga ilayisense, imali engenayo noma i-collateral, amandla okusebenzela kanye nesivumelwano sohlelo. Ukwehla kokungasebenzi kwe-scheme kungadingeka kwenziwe nge-collateral, ikakhulukazi kubantu abatshalizimali abasha.

BIN ukuxhaswa

A sponsored emithameli izibopho amakhadi ngaphansi ilungu eyinhloko, ngokuvamile ku BIN amabanga anikezelwe nge-sponsor. I-sponsor ihlala ehlobene ne scheme, futhi ngokulandelana ibeka ukulawula, ukubikezela kanye njalo collateral kwi-inhlangano sponsored.

	Umengameli oyinhloko	BIN ukuxhaswa
Isivumelwano se-schema	Isikhashana	Ngaphezu komxhasi
Isikhathi sokuqagela	Ide	Isici
Ukulawulwa kwemikhiqizo nedatha	Full, within scheme rules	Ihlukaniswe nomxhasi
Isakhiwo semali	Izinkokhelo zohlelo kanye nokusebenza	Izindleko zohlelo kanye nemali yosizo
Ingozi yokugxila	Nciphisa	Ukuzinikela okuphezulu komunye umxhasi

Amanye amabhange amasha kanye nezinkampani zokukhokha ziqala ukuxhaswa futhi zifuduke kulungu eliyinhloko lapho ivolumu nokulawula kutholakele. Ukufuduka kufanele kulungiswe kusukela ekuqaleni, ngoba BIN izigaba, ikhadi lempahla namakontraki wonke ashintsha.

Isisebenzisi sokusebenza

Ngokuya ngelungu, umhlinzeki udinga umkhiqizi ukugunyaza izikweletu ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuphatha amakhadi nokuxhuma kuhlelo. Ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa ngaphandle futhi, kwibhange, kuyinto ebalulekile noma ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphansi kwemithetho yokukhishwa kwangaphandle kanye nokusebenza okuqinile.

SEPA

I-Single Euro Payments Area i harmonizes euro payments. Ngokusho kwe ECB, i-SEPA region ihlanganisa amazwe angama-41 ase-Europe, kufaka phakathi amazwe angaphandle kwe-euro area ne-EU. Ama-schemes athuthukiswa futhi alawulwa yi-European Payments Council, inhlanganisela yezihlinzeki zezinsizakalo zokukhokha.

SEPA ischema	Into eyenza
SEPA Ukudluliswa kwe-Credit (SCT)	Ukulungiswa kwe-euro okwenziwa ngumkhokhi
SEPA Ukudluliswa kwe-Credit (SCT Inst)	Ukudluliswa okwenziwa ngumkhokhi okuholela ekufinyeleleni kwemali ngaphakathi kwemizuzu emihlanu
SEPA Idiphozithi eqondile (SDD)	Ukuqoqwa okuqashwe ngumkhokheli ngokuya ngesinqumo somkhokhi

I SEPA Imithetho idinga ukudluliswa kwezimali ze-euro kanye nokudluliswa okuqondile ngaphakathi kwesimo sayo ukusebenzisa i ISO 20022 XML ejwayelekile phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokukhokha. Ibhange elisha elinikeza ama-akhawunti we-euro kufanele lijoyine izi schemes, ngokuqondile noma ngengxenye yomxhasi, futhi lifinyelele kuwo wonke omunye umhlinzeki ofinyelelekayo.

Izimali ezisheshayo e-EU

Umthetho (EU) 2024/886 wakwenza ukudluliswa kwe-euro credit ngokushesha kube yimfuneko kubahlinzeki abanikeza ukudluliswa kwe-euro credit ejwayelekile.

Isidingo	Abahlinzeki bendawo ye-euro	Abahlinzeki ezindaweni ezingena-euro
Thola ukudluliswa kwe-credit nge-euro	ngoJanuwari 9, 2025	ngoJanuwari 9, 2027
Thumela ukudluliswa kwe-credit ngokushesha nge-euro	Ngomhla wama-9 kuNcwaba 2025	Ngomhla wama-9 kuJulayi 2027
Ukuqinisekiswa komuntu okhokhelwa	Ngomhla wama-9 kuNcwaba 2025	Ngomhla wama-9 kuJulayi 2027

Umhlinzeki womuntu okhokhelwa kumele afake imali ekhona ngaphakathi kwesekondi ezingu-10 zokuthola umyalo wokukhokha. Uma umhlinzeki womuntu okhokhelwa engatholi uqinisekiso kulo nyaka, kufanele ibuyisele i-akhawunti yomuntu okhokhelwa. Izindleko zokudlulisa ngokushesha zingadlulanga izindleko zokudlulisa amakhadi ebhange ajwayelekile.

Ukuqinisekiswa komuntu okhokhelwayo kudinga ukuthi umhlinzeki womuntu okhokhelayo abheke ukuthi igama lomuntu okhokhelwayo lifana negama le-akhawunti ngaphambi kokuthi kwenziwe inkokhelo, futhi atshele umuntu okhokhelayo nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso esingafani. Le yindlela yokulawula ukugembula ehlobene nokubuyekezwa kwesilinganiso sokubonisana ngemali se FATF.

Umthetho uvule futhi amasistimu wokukhokha kubantu abangamabhange. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano zokukhokhela kanye nezinhlangano zemali ye-elekthronikhi azihlolwa yi-Settlement Finality Directive’s definition of institution, zavimbelwa ngokuphumelelayo ekuthatheni inkontileka kumasistimu akhethiwe. Lo mthetho washintsha lo myalo, kanti amazwe aselungu adingeka ukuba asebenzise ushintsho ngomhla ka-9 kuNhlangulana 2025.

ISO 20022

ISO 20022 yisimo esijwayelekile samazwe omhlaba semiyalezo yezimali. Uma kuqhathaniswa nefomethi edala, ifaka ulwazi olunohlelo mayelana nabakhokhi, abakhokhelwa, izinhloso kanye nolwazi lokudlulisela imali.

Imiphumela esebenzayo yebhange:

1. Ulwazi olungcono lokuhlonza izigwebo nokuhlola ushintsho, ngoba amagama nekheli zihlukaniswe.
2. Okuningi kokusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ekulinganiseni, ngoba ulwazi lokudluliselwa luhamba nemali ekhokhwayo.
3. Ukudweba kanye nokwehlisa ingozi lapho amasistimu aguqula phakathi kwamafomethi.
4. Ukutshala imali emisebenzini ye-core ne-payment hub systems ukukhiqiza nokufunda imilayezo eminingi.

Isikhathi sangempela sokukhokha okuphelele

Izimali eziphakathi kwebhange ezisezingeni eliphakeme zikhokhwa ngemali yebhange eliyinhloko ngohlelo lwesikhathi sangempela sokubuyiselwa kwemali (RTGS). Kuhlelo lwe-RTGS, inkokhelo ngayinye ikhokhwa ngokuzimela futhi ngokushesha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlukaniswe nabanye ekugcineni komjikelezo.

Uhlelo lwe-RTGS lwe-Eurosystem luyi T2, lwasungulwa ngoMashi 2023 ukushintsha indawo ye-TARGET2. I-ECB ichaza ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezinkokhelo kwenziwa ngalinye ngelinye ngokuqhubekayo nokuphela kwazo ngokushesha, usebenzisa umlayezo we-ISO 20022, kanye nemisebenzi yokulawula intengo ephakathi. Isho ukuthi yonke izinsuku ezisithupha i-T2 ikhiqiza izinkokhelo ze-euro ezinenani eliphelele elifana ne-GDP yaminyaka yonke yendawo ye-euro.

Ukubandakanyeka okuqondile noma okungaqondile

Imodeli	Iyini inkinga	Izintandokazi ze
Umengameli oqondile	I-akhawunti yakho ebhange eliphakathi, lithumela futhi lithola ukukhokha ngokuqondile	Amabhange amakhulu, amabhange anevolumu ephezulu ye-euro
Ukungena ngokungaqondile	Imali ekhokhwa ngokuqondile ngumhlanganyeli osebenza njengomxhumanisi	Amabhange amancane

Ukungena ngokuqondile kudinga ukufaneleka, i-akhawunti yebhange eliphakathi, ukuphathwa kwemali engenayo yansuku zonke kanye nokuxhumeka kobuchwepheshe. Ukufinyelela okungaqondile kuhamba ngokushesha kodwa kwenza ukubaluleka kwibhange lokukhokha, njengoba kuxoxwe kulo mbhalo webhange ohambisanayo.

Ukuhlela ukukhokha kwebhange

1. Qiniseka ukuthi yiziphi izimoto ezidingekayo ngosuku lokuqala. Ukudluliswa kwangaphakathi, SEPA, ukukhokha okuzenzakalelayo, amakhadi kanye nemali yangaphandle ngayinye idinga ukufinyelela okuhlukile.
2. Khetha ukufinyelela okuqondile noma okuxhaswe nge-rail, ngohlelo lokudlulisa lapho uxhaso luhlala khona.
3. Ubukhulu bemali etholakalayo yokukhokha. Izimali ezisheshayo zisebenza nsuku zonke, ngakho-ke imali etholakalayo kufanele ibekhona ngaphandle kwehora lebhizinisi.
4. Ukwakha ukulawula ukugembula ku-flow, kufaka phakathi ukuqinisekiswa komuntu okhokhelwe kanye nokuhlolwa kwesikhathi sangempela, ngoba ukukhokhwa okuzenzakalelayo akukwazi ukubuyiselwa emuva.
5. Beka abakhiqizi kanye nabaxhasi njengabahlinzeki ababalulekile ngaphansi kwemithetho yokukhishwa kwangaphandle nokwethembeka, ngezinhlelo zokuyeka.

Isihloko sokugcina kulolu hlelo sichaza ukuthi kungani imisebenzi efanayo ivunyelwa ngokuhlukile kusuka ezweni elinye kuya kwelinye.