Uhlelo lwezinhlangano ezisebenza ngezimali

Ukuthatha ama-deposit nokwenza izibopho kuyimisebenzi efanayo yezomnotho kuyo yonke indawo. Kodwa ilayisense elidingekayo, um kapitali odingekayo, isikhathi sokugunyazwa kanye nemakethe lelayisense evula ihluka kakhulu. Ukukhetha uMbuso yiyona into ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthatheni izinqumo kwiphrojekthi yebhange.

Le ndatshana ichaza lapho izinguquko zivela khona nokuthi zithinta kanjani inani elisebenzayo lelayisense.

Ifulethi elifanayo, ukudweba kwezwe

IKomiti laseBasel libeka ama-standards okuphepha, i FATF ibeka ama-standards AML/CFT, futhi i CPMI ibeka ama-standards wezinsizakusebenza zokukhokha. Izibuyekezo zeqembu elifanayo zihlola ukusetshenzisiwe.

Ngaphakathi kwalo mkhawulo, isifundazwe ngasinye sikhetha:

1. Imisebenzi edinga ilayisense. Abanye banelayisense elilodwa lebhange; abanye banezinhlobo eziningi, ezinjengezigcwele, ezilinganiselwe, zokuhweba noma zedijithali.
2. Inani lemali edingekayo ukuqala, kanye nenani labaphathi abalindeleke ngaphesheya kokwehla okusemthethweni.
3. Into edingekayo: ukuphathwa kwasekhaya, abasebenzi, izingqungquthela zebhodi kanye nezinhlelo.
4. Obani abavunyelwe ukuhlinzekwa ngezinsizakalo: abahlali, abangabahlali, amakhasimende esitolo noma emakethe enkulu, kanye namanani ezimali.
5. Izinkampani ezisebenza ngelayisense, ngokufaka ipasipoti, ukuphawula noma akukho.
6. Ngabe kushesha futhi ngabe kungalindeleka kanjani ukuthi inqubo iyi, okuxhomekeke kumathuluzi nohlelo lokulawula.

I-European Union: incwadi eyodwa yemithetho kanye nepasipoti

I-EU ihambisa imibandela yebhange ngokujulile kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo. Imithetho edingekayo yokutshala imali isebenza ngokuqondile kuwo wonke amazwe amalungu, futhi imithetho edingekayo yokutshala imali idluliselwa emthethweni wezwe. Ngokuhambisana nemibandela yezobuchwepheshe evela ku EBA, zihlanganisa i-rulebook eyodwa.

Ezindaweni ze-euro namanye amazwe ahlanganyelayo, ukunikezwa kwelayisense kwenziwa ngaphakathi kweSingle Supervisory Mechanism. Ngokusho kwe- ECB’s licensing guide, i- ECB inegunya lokunikela ngelayisensi yebhange kuwo wonke amabhange ofuna ukusebenza ezindaweni ze-euro. Izicelo zivela kumasipala wezwe ophethe izwe lokungena, futhi i- ECB ithatha isigqibo sokugcina.

Ukuthola ipasipoti

Inzuzo enkulu yelayisense le-EU yipasipoti. CRD Isigaba 33, inhlangano yezimali egunyazwe kuzwelonke elilodwa lelungu ingaqhubeka nokwenza imisebenzi esesiqephu se-Annex I kwamanye amazwe amalungu ngengxenye noma ngezinsizakalo ezidlula emkhawulweni, uma nje igunya layo lizifaka. Izwe lokuhlala alikwazi ukufuna ilayisense elihlukile.

Amabhange ezwe lesithathu

Amabhange angaphandle kwe-EU awunapasipoti. Umthetho olandelwayo (EU) 2024/1619 ifaka isiqephu 21c CRD, edinga izinhlangano ezisungulwe ezweni lesithathu ukuthi zivule ifiliali futhi zithole imvume ngaphambi kokunikeza izinkonzo zebhange eliyinhloko ezweni lamalungu.

Izinxephezelo zifaka phakathi izinsizakalo ezihlinzekwa ngesinqumo esikhethekile sekhasimende, izinsizakalo ezinikezelwe izinhlangano zezimali, kanye nezinsizakalo zangaphakathi kweqembu. Ama-Amalungu kufanele asebenzise lesi sicelo kusukela ngoJanuwari 11, 2027.

Uhlelo olunjalo lwezwe lesithathu lugunyazwa kuphela yi-State Member lapho lusungulwe khona. Akufanele lisebenzise ipasipoti ukuhlinzeka ngezinye ze-Member States, ngakho-ke iqembu elifuna ukufinyelela e-EU lonke ngokuvamile lidinga i-subsidiary ye-EU.

Ukuhlukahluka okushiwo

Ukulungiswa akuyona ukulingana. Izizwe ezimele zihlala zihlukile ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlola, ulwimi, izimali, izilungiselelo zesiqinisekiso sediphozithi yendawo, izinzuzo zamazwe ngamazwe e CRD, kanye nesikhathi esithathwa ukubuyekeza izicelo. Imali engenayo ephansi yomthetho yokuqala yi-EUR 5 million ngaphansi kwe CRD Isiqephu 12, kodwa abaphenyi bemali balindele ukuthi kuxhomekeke kuhlelo lwebhizinisi.

i-United Kingdom

I-UK iqhuba uhlelo lwayo ngaphandle kwe-EU. I-Prudential Regulation Authority igunyaza abathatha imali, ne-Financial Conduct Authority ebhekene nokuziphatha. Njengoba i-UK yashiya i-EU, amabhange ase-UK ayizinhlangano zezwe lesithathu ngaphansi komthetho wamabhange we-EU futhi angasebenzisa ipasipoti ye-EU.

I-UK inikeza indlela ehlakaniphile yamabhange amasha. I- Bank of England’s New Bank Start-up Unit ichaza ukugunyazwana ngemikhawulo, kulandela isikhathi sokuzibophezela esihlala isikhathi eside kunenyanga ezingu-12, lapho ukuthatha inkokhelo kufinyelelwa khona ku-£50,000 ngokugcwele. Lokhu kuvumela ibhange ukuthi liqinise inkokhelo futhi liqedele ukuthuthukiswa kwayo ngelayisense esandleni.

i-Switzerland

I-Switzerland inikeza izinkokhelo zebhange nge FINMA, ephawula ukuthi umthetho wamabhange namafemu asethembiso uhlinzeka ngezinkontileka ezahlukahlukene, ngayinye inezici zayo. I-Switzerland ingaphandle kwemakethe eyodwa ye-EU, ngakho-ke inkokhelo yaseSwitzerland ayifaki ipasipoti kwi-EU. Amabhange aseSwitzerland asebenza kumaklayenti we-EU abhekana nemithetho yezwe lesithathu echazwe phezulu, kufaka phakathi isigaba 21c kusukela ngo-2027.

i-Singapore

I- Monetary Authority of Singapore ibonisa ukuthi uchwepheshe angakha kanjani uhlobo lwelayisense lokufeza inhloso yenqubomgomo. Yanikeza izitifiketi ezimbili zebhange eligcwele ledijithali kanye nezitifiketi ezimbili zebhange elisha ledijithali, lesi sitifiketi sesibili sezinkampani ezincane neziphakathi nendawo nezinye izinhlaka ezingabizi kakhulu.

MAS ichaza ukuthi ayikho inkampani ehlinzeka ngelayisense elisha lebhange elidijithali. Ukutholakala kohlobo lwelayisense kungashintsha ngokuya ngenqubomgomo, kungakhathaliseki ukubaluleka komfakisicelo.

Izindawo ezikhululekile zezimali: DIFC ne-ADGM

I-United Arab Emirates iyindawo yokugcina izifunda ezimbili ezikhululekile zezimali ezinezinqumo zazo kanye nemithetho, ezahlukene nohlelo lwebhange oluselwandle.

	I-Dubai International Financial Centre	i-Abu Dhabi
Isilawuli	I-Dubai Financial Services Authority, esungulwe ngaphansi komthetho wase-Dubai njengo “mqondisi wezinsizakalo zezimali kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene ne-DIFC” (DFSA GEN)	I-Financial Services Regulatory Authority (I-ADGM)
Isisekelo somthetho	DFSA isungulwe ngaphansi komthetho waseDubai	Isungulwe njengendawo ekhululekile yezimali ngaphansi komthethosivivinywa wesifundazwe; iphrojekthi ebekwe ngumthetho waseAbu Dhabi inombolo 4 ka-2013; ukuqondiswa okusekelwe emthethweni ojwayelekile waseNgilandi
Isigaba sokuthatha inkokhelo	Isigaba 1 (PIB 1.3.1)	Isigaba 1 (PRU 1.3.1)
Imali yokuqala yabatholi-dipozithi	US$10 million	US$10 million

Izitifiketi zendawo ekhululekile zisetshenziselwa ibhizinisi eliphakathi nezwe kanye nebhizinisi lokuhweba ngentengo ephansi. Isigaba semisebenzi evunyelwe, amakhasimende angasizakaliswa futhi ukuxhumana nomthetho wamabhange ase-UAE kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngumqondisi ofanele wemodeli ngayinye yebhizinisi.

Izindawo zokukhokha zamazwe omhlaba

I- Cayman Islands Monetary Authority ithole amabhange angama-76 anelayisense ngomhla kaJulayi 30, 2026, ama-11 anelayisense likaKategori A nama-65 anelayisense likaKategori B, uhlukaniso olubonisa ukuqondiswa kwamazwe omhlaba kwesikhumulo sezindiza.

Izifunda eziwusizo zidinga ukuba khona okucacile. I-Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook yenza ingqondo nokulawula kube yisimo selayisense: amabhange aneofisi ebhalisiwe eBahrain kufanele agcine ikheli labo eliyinhloko khona, futhi izifunda zebhange lakwamanye amazwe kumele zilondoloze indawo yokulawula yasendaweni kanye nezindawo.

I FATF ichaza ibhange le-shell njengelinye ngaphandle kokutholakala kwengqondo, okusho ukuthi “ingqondo ebalulekile nokuphathwa”, ezweni layo lokugunyaza, futhi livimbela ubudlelwane obuhambisana nebhange le-shell.

Umlando kanye nokufinyelela okuhambisanayo

Ilayisense isebenza kuphela njengoba ubudlelwane ingaxhasa. Amabhange ahambisanayo abheka igunya lomphenduli njengengxenye yokunakekelwa kwabo okudingekayo. CPMI wathola ukuthi amabhange ahambisanayo ayenciphisa izinkonzo zabaphenduli abatholakala ezindaweni zomthetho ezicashunwe njengezingozi kakhulu, phakathi kwezinye izizathu.

Uhlu lwabahlali olunye lufaka ngokusobala kulezi zibalo.

FATF uhlu

Ngemuva kwengqungquthela ngayinye, i- FATF inikeza amagama ezindaweni ezinomthelela omkhulu ezibhekene nocingo lokwenza umsebenzi, kanye nezifundazwe ezingaphansi kokuqashwa okuphezulu. Njengesinqumo se- Malta’s FIAU, ngemuva kwengqungquthela kaJuni 2026, iDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea, Iran neMyanmar zihlala zibhekene nocingo lokuqashwa komsebenzi. IBosnia neHerzegovina neIraq zashiywa ukuqashwa okuphezulu, kanti iAlgeria neNamibia zasuswa.

Uhlu lokuphenya olukhulayo kusukela ngoJuni 2026 luhlanganisa izifunda zezimali kanye nezimakethe ezithuthukisayo, phakathi kwazo iMonaco, iBulgaria neVirgin Islands (UK). Uhlu aluvimbeli ukwenziwa kwebhizinisi, kodwa amaqembu abhekene nawo asebenzisa ukuqapha okuningi.

Uhlu lwe-EU

The EU publishes its own list of high-risk third countries, and EU obliged entities must apply enhanced due diligence to relationships and transactions involving them. The Commission’s list added Russia, Bolivia and the British Virgin Islands with effect from 29 January 2026.

I-Algeria ne-Namibia, isibonelo, yashiya uluhlu lwe FATF ngoJuni 2026 kodwa yabonakala kuhlelo olushicilelwe yiKomidi le-EU ngesikhathi sokubhalela. Ibhange ezweni elisha elilahlekile lingakwazi ukubhekana ne-EU ethuthukisiwe yesikhathi eside ngemuva koFATF lokulahleka.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezimiso zomthetho ezisebenzayo

Ingxenye	Imibuzo yokubuza
Ukungena emakethe	Ingabe iphasipoti yelayisense, futhi kuziphi izimakethe? Ingabe abathengi abasetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni?
Idolobhakazi	Yikuphi okuncane okusemthethweni, nokuthi yini abaqondisi abazoyilindele kulolu hlelo lwebhizinisi?
Isithako	Ingabe abantu abaphezulu kufanele babekhona? Ingabe kumele kube khona izingqungquthela zebhodi kanye nemisebenzi ebalulekile?
Isikhathi	Ithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukufaka isicelo, futhi ngabe kukhona isigaba esilinganiselwe noma sesikhathi sokuzibophezela?
I-inshurensi yediphozithi	Ingabe kukhona isinqumo, yini esiyihlanganisayo, nokuthi kubiza malini ukuba ngulungu?
Umlando	Ingabe igunya likhona kunoma yiluphi uhlu FATF noma lwe-EU, nokuthi yini ukuhlolwa kwayo okudlule FATF?
Ukungena okuhambisanayo	Ingabe amabhange amazwekazi agcina ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo namabhange abhaliswe khona?
Isiko lokulawula	Ingabe umqondisi usebenza kanjani ngaphambi kokuthola ilayisense, futhi ngemuva kwayo? Ingabe kulindeleke ukuthi kwenzeke njalo?

Ukuphela

I-license ebiza kakhulu noma ehamba ngokushesha iyinhle kakhulu. Ukufinyelela kumakethe, ibhange elihambisanayo, inhlonipho kanye nekhwalithi yokulawula zisho ukuthi ngabe ibhange elinalayisense lingasebenza kanjani. Amabhulogi angaphambilini kule nqubomgomo achaza imali engenayo, ukukhishwa kwezimali, ukuphathwa, ukuhlangabezana, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemibandela yediphozithi esetshenziswa lapho i-license itholakale khona.