I EU AML iphakethe kanye ne AMLA: yini eguqukile nokuthi nini

Iminyaka emihlanu edlule, i-EU yabhekana nokuhlukunyezwa kwemali ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izwe ngalinye lamalungu lazifaka ngendlela yayo, ngakho ibhange eLisbon nenhlangano yemali ye-e eVilnius ingafunda lo mbhalo ofanayo futhi iqhube ukulawula okuhlukile. Iphakethe elalithathwa ngomhla ka-31 kuMeyi 2024 lishintsha kakhulu le nto ngencwadi eyodwa yomthetho, imithetho elula kanye nomqondisi omusha.

Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthi iyiphi imishini eyenzani, izinyanga ezibalulekile, kanye noshintsho olusebenzayo kumabhange, izinhlangano zokukhokha nezimali ze-e-money, amabhange okutshala imali, izinkokhelo, abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-crypto-asset kanye nezimboni ezingaba ngezimali.

Amathuluzi amathathu, imisebenzi emithathu

Isisetshenziswa	Ifomu lezomthetho	Imisebenzi eyinhloko	Isebenza kusukela
Umthetho (EU) 2024/1624 (AMLR)	Imithetho esebenzayo ngokuqondile	Izidingo zezinkampani: ukuhlolwa kwengozi, ukunakekelwa okudingekayo, ubunikazi obunenzuzo, ukubikezela, ukugcina amarekhodi, umkhawulo wemali	10 kuJulayi 2027 (isigaba sebhola lokudlala 10 kuJulayi 2029)
I-Directive (EU) 2024/1640 (AMLD6)	Imiyalelo, idluliselwe ezweni lonke	Izibopho zezizwe ezimele: abaqondisi, amayunithi e-intelligence yezimali (FIUs), iziqukathi,	Ukudluliswa ngomhla ka-10 kuJulayi 2027, nosuku olungaphambili kanye nosuku olulandelayo lwamathuluzi athile
Umthetho (EU) 2024/1620 (AMLA Umthetho)	Imithetho	Isungula iNkantolo Yokulwa Nokuhlanza imali kanye Nokuqwashisa Ukuxhaswa KwezobugebenguAMLA)	1 kuJulayi 2025, ngezinye izixhumanisi kusukela ngoJuni 26, 2024

Imiphumela esebenzayo yokuguqula izimiso zenkampani eziphezulu zibe yimigomo ukuthi ukufakwa kwegolide komhlaba wonke kuncane. Amazwe amalungu agcina indawo ethile, isibonelo, ukuhlela ama-limits aphansi wemali noma ukwehlisa umngcipheko wokugembula ophansi, kodwa izinqubomgomo eziyinhloko zifunda ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izindawo.

Isikhathi sosuku

1. ngomhla ka-26 kuJuni 2024. AMLA isungulwe ngokusemthethweni. Amathuluzi akhethiwe we AMLA Umthetho uzosebenza kusukela kulo mhlaka ngaphansi kwe Isihloko 108.
2. 1 Julayi 2025. Imithetho AMLA isebenza ngokuvamile. AMLA ikhombisa ukuthi umphathi wayo wokuqala, uBruna Szego, wathatha umsebenzi ngomhla ka-16 Februwari 2025.
3. 10 kuJulayi 2025. Izizwe ezimele kumele zisebenzise amaphutha e-AMLD6 esinqumweni esikhona sokuthola ulwazi lomuntu obenenzuzo (AMLD6, Amathuluzi 74 ne-78).
4. 10 kuJulayi 2026. Isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi semithetho ye-AMLD6 yokufinyelela emabhukwini onikazi ababenenzuzo ngabaphathi, izinhlangano ezimele kanye nabantu abanesibopho esisemthethweni (Iziqephu ze-11, 12, 13 ne-15).
5. Ngomhla ka-1 kuJulayi 2027. AMLA iqala ukukhethwa kwayo okukuqala kwezinhlangano zokuqondisa ngokuqondile futhi kumele iqedele kulo eminyakeni emihlanu (AMLA Umthetho, Isiqephu 13(4)).
6. 10 kuJulayi 2027. I AMLR isebenza (Isigaba 90) futhi i-AMLD6 kufanele ifakwe ngokuvamile.
7. 2028. AMLA iqala ukuqondiswa okuqondile, izinyanga ezinhlanu ngemuva kokushicilela uhlu lwamaqembu akhethiwe. AMLA’s own timeline places full operation in 2028.
8. 10 kuJulayi 2029. I AMLR isebenza kuma-agents ebhola kanye namaklabhu aqeqesha abadlali bebhola. Amasevisi omsebenzisi kufanele ashintshwe, agcinwe noma afakwe (AMLR, Isiqephu 79), futhi indawo yokufinyelela eyodwa ye-AMLD6 yolwazi lwezinto ezibonakalayo idinga ukukhokhwa (Isiqephu 18).

Ubani ongumnikazi

AMLR Isigaba 3 Isibonelo, i-IRS ichaza ukuthi izinhlangano zezimali zihlanganisa amabhange, amabhange ezimali kanye namanye amabhange asebenza ngemali yedijithali, amabhange okutshala imali, amabhange okunakekelwa kwempilo, amabhange akhokhela ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla eziphilayo (UCITS) kanye namabhange abo wokuphatha.

Uhlu olungenamali lufaka phakathi ukuhlanganisa noma ukucacisa okuningi okuthinta amaqembu athola ilayisense kanye namakhasimende abo:

• abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zenkampani noma zobuxoki, abacebisi bezikweletu, abakwa-auditors, abameli kanye nabameli bomthetho ezimakethe ezichaziwe;
• abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokuxhaswa ngemali eningi kanye nabaphakathi;
• abaphathi bezitshalomali zokuhamba ezimele abafuna ukuhlala ngokushintshana ngezimali zokutshala;
• abahwebi bezimpahla ezisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nezimpahla zesiko ezingaphezu kuka-EUR 10,000;
• izinkampani eziphatha imisebenzi ehlukene ezingaba ngezimali;
• amaqembu ebhola lezinyawo, kanye namaklabhu ebhola lezinyawo asebenza ngokuzimele, abaxhasi, abameli kanye nokudluliswa kwamadlali.

Izizwe ezimele zingakhipha izinsizakalo zokugembula ezinomthelela omncane ngaphansi kwesigaba 4, kodwa hhayi ama-casinos futhi hhayi abahlinzeki abanemisebenzi eyinhloko yokugembula ku-inthanethi noma ukubheja kwezinhlayiya, ngaphandle kokusebenza kwenkonzo ye-intanethi elawulwa yisifundazwe.

Izinkinga ezibhekene

Ukulawula

Isigaba 11 sidinga imisebenzi emibini ebizwa ngegama. Umphathi we- compliance ulungu lohlelo lokuphatha emisebenzini yalo yokuphatha futhi ubhekele ukuhambisana ne- AMLR kanye noMthetho wokudlulisa imali. Umphathi we- compliance , obekwe yilowo mzimba onesikhundla esiphezulu kakhulu, usebenza usuku nosuku AML futhi ulawula izigwebo futhi uyinsiza yokuxhumana namaphoyisa.

Inkampani encane ingaxhuma lezi zinto ezimbili lapho ubukhulu nobungozi buqinisekisa khona. Amabhodi kufanele alindele abaphathi ukuthi babhekane nokuthi ngabe umphathi wokuhlangabezana nemibandela unesihloko esifanele noma cha.

Uma i-due diligence iqala

Isigaba 19 sibeka izenzo ezifanayo e-EU:

Isimo	Izinga lokwethembeka komthengi
Ukusungula ubudlelwane bebhizinisi	Njalo
Ushintsho oluthile, imithetho ejwayelekile	i-EUR 10,000 noma ngaphezulu, eyodwa noma ehlobene
Ukudluliswa kwezimali okuqhubekayo yibhange kanye nezinhlangano zezezimali (kungaba yi-CASPs)	i-EUR 1,000 noma ngaphezulu
Ushintsho lwesikhathi ngasinye oluvela kumhlinzeki wezinsizakalo ze-crypto-asset	i-EUR 1,000 noma ngaphezulu;
Ingxowamali yezimali ezivamile	Ukuthola nokuqinisekisa okuncane kusuka ku-EUR 3,000
Ukugembula noma ukuwina	i-EUR 2,000 noma ngaphezulu
Ubufakazi bokuthi utshwala lusetshenziswa ukuqoqa imali noma ukuxhashazwa kokuhlukunyezwa	Ngaso sonke isikhathi, kungakhathaliseki umkhawulo

Kugcinwa amafayela akhona

Nge Isihloko 26, ulwazi lomsebenzisi kufanele luhlaziywe ngezikhathi ezibonisa umngcipheko kodwa akufanele lube ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu kwabanye bonke abanye. Izinkampani ezithembela ekubuyekezweni okuqhutshwa yimicimbi kuphela kuzodinga ikhebula eliqhuba ukubuyiswa emuva.

Izinhlangano zezimali kanye nezemali kumele zihlole futhi isisekelo sabo sekhasimende ngokumelene nezigwebo zezimali eziqondisiwe ngaso sonke isimemezelo esitsha, ngaphezu kokuhlola okuqhubekayo okusekelwe engozini.

Ilungelo lomsebenzisi

Ukuhlolwa kwe-25% manje kubekwe emthethweni. Isigaba 52, ukunikazi kuka-25% noma ngaphezulu kwezingxenye, ilungelo lokuvota noma enye intshisekelo yobunikazi, ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, kwenza umuntu abe ngumnikazi o profitable, futhi izikhundla eziphezulu ngazo zonke izinhlangothi zibalolwa. IKomidi lingabeka umkhawulo ophansi, ongaphezu kuka-15%, ngezigaba zesisebenzi elizibonile njengengozi ephezulu.

Isigaba 53 Ukulawula ngokunikazi kusho i-50% kanye nesinye sezingxenye noma izivoti, futhi ukulawula ngezinye izindlela kufaka phakathi amalungelo okumemezela noma ukususa inani elikhulu lebhodi, amalungelo okumisa nokuthathela izinyathelo mayelana nokusabalalisa imali engenayo.

Abaxhasi abacebile

Isigaba 34(5) sifaka izinyathelo ezikhethekile ezithuthukisiwe zobudlelwane obunobungozi obuphezulu obubandakanya ukuphatha okungenani ama-EUR ayizigidi ezingama-5 kumpahla ngezinsizakalo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zekhasimende elinazo izimali ezingu-EUR ayizigidi eziyi-50, ngaphandle kokuhlala kwangaphandle. Kusebenza kumabhange, emabhange ezimali kanye nabathengisi bezinkonzo zenkampani, okubeka amabhange angaphandle, abaphathi bemali nezinkampani zokutshala imali ngokugcwele. AMLA kumele bakhiphe iziqondiso zokulinganisa lemali ngomhla ka-10 kuJulayi 2027.

Ama-crypto assets

Isigaba 19 sikhuphula umkhawulo wabo wokudluliselwa okungahleliwe ku-EUR 1,000. Isihloko 40 sicela ukuthi bahlolwe futhi bagweme izingozi zokudluliswa kwendawo noma kusuka kumakheli abekwe ngokwezifiso. Isihloko 79 sivimbela ama-akhawunti angaziwa nama-akhawunti avumela ukufihla noma ukunciphisa ukufihla kwezinkokhelo, “kufaka phakathi ngezimali ezithuthukisa ukufihla”.

Izinkomba, imali engenayo kanye nezicelo ezivela ku-FIU

• Ukugcinwa kwerekhodi: iminyaka emihlanu kusukela ekupheleni kokuxhumana noma ushintsho oluthile, noma kusuka eku refusing to onboard, olungiswe yizinhlaka kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu (Isigaba 77).
• Umkhawulo wemali engenayo: abantu abahweba ngempahla noma abahlinzeka ngezinsizakusebenza bangasamukela noma benze ukukhokhwa kwemali engenayo ngaphezulu kwe-EUR 10,000, futhi amazwe amalungu angabeka umkhawulo ophansi (Isigaba 80). Ukukhokhelwa kanye nokufaka imali ezindaweni zebhange, abakhiqizi bemali yedijithali kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsiza zokukhokha bavunyelwe kodwa kufanele babikezele i-FIU ngaphansi komkhawulo.
• FIU requests: firms must reply within five working days, and FIUs may shorten this to less than 24 hours in urgent cases (Article 69).

Izizwe ezingu-3 ezinengozi enkulu

IKomidi liqhubeka nokuthola amazwe wesithathu anezinkinga ezibalulekile zenqubomgomo ngesinqumo esigunyaziwe, FATF izingcingo zomsebenzi esigabeniIsigaba 29). Ukuxhumana kwebhizinisi kanye nokwenziwa kwezitolo ezincane ezibandakanya abantu abavela emazweni abhalisiwe kudinga izinyathelo ezithuthukisiwe esigabeni se-34(4). Ezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwe-EU, ukudweba igunya labo elisekhaya likhuphula ngokuqondile inani lokuxhumana kwanoma yimuphi umlingani we-EU neqembu elibusayo.

AMLA: yini eyenza igunya elisha

AMLA inendawo yayo eFrankfurt am Main (AMLA Imithetho, Isiqephu 4). Inezingxenye ezintathu ezibanzi: ukuqondiswa okuqondile kwezinhlanganiso zezimali ezinengozi ephezulu, ukuqondiswa okungaqondile kwabaphathi bezwe, kanye nosizo nokuhlelwa kwe-FIUs yezwe.

Umngani AMLA uzobheka ngokuqondile

Ukhetho lulandela ifomula esethelwe ku Izihloko 12 ne-13:

1. AMLA periodically assesses credit and financial institutions, and groups, that operate in at least six Member States, including the home State, whether through establishments or cross-border services, and whether physically or remotely.
2. Ihlukanise ingozi ekhona kanye neyokugcina njengephansi, phakathi, enkulu noma ephezulu, usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zezinhlobo ezifaka izinhlangano zokwamukela imali, izinhlangano zemali-elektroniki, izinhlangano zokukhokha, amafemu okutshala imali, izinkokhelo zokutshala imali kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezimali.
3. Izinhlangano ezinobungozi obuseleyo high zitholakele. Esigabeni sokuqala, uma kunezigidi ezingama-40 zitholakele, AMLA ithatha izizigidi ezingama-40 ezisebenza ezindaweni ezinezizwe ezingu-Member States eziphezulu.
4. Uma kungekho muntu ezweni elinikezwe ilungu ofanelekayo, ukwenziwa kwenqubo eyengeziwe ukukhetha umuntu onengozi enkulu kakhulu khona, nakuba lokhu akusebenzi emdlalweni wokuqala.

Ukhetho lokuqala kumele luqale ngomhla ka-1 kuJulayi 2027, futhi uhlu lubuyekezwa njalo eminyakeni emithathu. Iqembu lokukhokha noma lemali yedijithali elidlula emgwaqweni elinokulawula okuncane kanye nepasipoti ebanzi liyisinqumo esifanele njengebhange elikhulu.

Amagunya e-AMLA

Izinkampani ezilawulwa ngokusobala, AMLA zingafaka izigwebo zezimali. Ukungahambisani okunzima, okuphindaphindiwe noma okwenziwe ngendlela efanele nokwethembeka kwekhasimende, ukulawula kwangaphakathi noma iqembu lonke, noma ukuhlinzeka ngemigomo yolwazi, okuphezulu kuyizinkulungwane ezingama-10% zonyaka wokuhweba ngonyaka odlule webhizinisi. Ukungahambisani okunzima nezinye izimfuneko, isingeniso ngemuva kokulungiswa yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-EUR 10 (Isigaba 22).

AMLA futhi ihlela izimiso zezobuchwepheshe ezizogcwalisa ku-AMLR. Ixoxe ngemigomo yezomthetho ephathelene nezidingo zomthengi kusukela ngoFebhuwari 9 kuya kuMeyi 8, 2026 futhi yashicilela imiphumela yokubonisana ngoOkthoba 6, 2026 (AMLA). Izinhlangano kufanele zilandelele lezi zimiso ngokucophelela, ngoba zizochaza ama-data fields ukuthi amasistimu okungena kufanele aqoqwe.

I-AMLD6: okunye okudingekayo

Imiyalelo ayibonakali kangako ezimbonini kodwa iguqula isimo abasebenza kuso.

• Fit and proper checks: supervisors must verify that senior management and beneficial owners of credit institutions, financial institutions and other listed obliged entities are of good repute and act with honesty and integrity, and may request removal or divestment (AMLD6, Article 6).
• Izibopho zobunikazi obunenzuzo: izibopho eziphakathi ezinemithetho yokungena echazwe ngokucacile yabaphathiswa, izinhlangano ezimele kanye nabantu abanesibopho esisemthethweni (Amapharamitha 10 kuya ku-15).
• Izibalo ze-akhawunti: amathuluzi aphakathi nendawo akhombisa abanikazi bezikweletu ne-akhawunti yebhange, kufaka phakathi i-virtual IBANs, ama-akhawunti wezimali eziqinisekisiwe, ama-akhawunti emali engekho emthethweni kanye namabhokisi okugcina imali, angafinyelelwa ngokuqondile yi-FIUs (Isigaba 16).
• Izinselelo: ezinhlangano zemali nezezimali, izinselelo eziphezulu zezimali ezingaba yi-EUR 10 million noma i-10% yevolumu yonyaka, okunguwo ophakeme kakhulu, futhi zingaba yi-EUR 5 million kubantu abavamile (Isigaba 55).

Imiphumela ngaphandle kwe-EU

I AMLR ixhuma izinhlangano ezisungulwe e-EU, kodwa ukufinyelela kwayo kubanzi ekusetshenzisweni.

• Amaqembu ane-EU subsidiaries kufanele ahlangabezane ne-AMLR kulolu hlelo futhi asebenzise amaphoyisa eqembu lonke, okungukuthi, ukwakha ukulawulwa kumuntu wesifazane.
• I-EU correspondents ne-counterparties izosebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuhlobene nokuhlonishwayo kanye nobunikazi obunenzuzo kumaklayenti abo angeke abe yi-EU, ngezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zamazwe wesithathu abhekene nengozi ephakeme.
• Izimo ezishisayo I-Switzerland, ngokwesibonelo, yakhipha i-Anti-Money Laundering Act ne-Act entsha ye-Transparency of Legal Persons and the Identification of Beneficial Owners esebenza ngomhla ka-1 kuNhlangulana 2026, iqala amasikhathi okudluliswa kokufaka izinhlangano emthethweni omusha wokubonisana (i-Swiss Federal Council).

Ukulungiselela u-10 kuJulayi 2027

1. Map scope. Qinisekisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano zeqembu ezimele ngaphansi kwesigaba sesi-3 kanye nokuthi yiziphi izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, uma zikhona, ezizophela.
2. Nquma izimfanelo ezimbili. Nquma igama lomphathi wokulandelana kanye nomqondisi wokulandelana, futhi ubhale imigqa yabo yokuhlaziya kwibhodi.
3. Gap-analysis due diligence. Uthelekiso lwamanje, ama-data fields, ukuvuselelwa kwamabhayisikili kanye ne-logical ephumelelayo yobunikazi ngokumelene neziqephu 19, 26, 52 no-53, bese kuqhathaniswa nemibandela yezobuchwepheshe ye AMLA njengoba zithathwa.
4. Qhathanisa imikhiqizo. Thola ukuvunyelwa kwemali, izici ezingenagama noma ezithuthukisa ubumfihlo, amathuluzi omsebenzisi kanye nokukhishwa kwe-wallet elawulwa ngumnikazi wayo.
5. Ukulinganisa AMLA ukubonakala. Ukubalwa kwezizwe ezimele lapho iqembu lisebenza khona, kufaka phakathi ngepasipoti, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi ekhona ngokucophelela ngohlelo olushicilelwe.
6. Idatha yohlelo. Lindela izicelo ezihlakaniphile kakhulu ezivela kuma-FIU nama-supervisors, kanye nesikhathi esincane sokuziphendulela.

Iphakethe alishintshi isisekelo se-logic ye AML: wazi ukuthi usebenza nani, qonda ukuthi kungani, futhi xhumana nokuthi yini engalungile. Lisusa kakhulu indawo ehlukile yezimiso zamazwe ngamazwe, futhi libeka umphathi wase-Europe ngokuqondile phezu kweqembu elinobungozi obuphakathi komkhawulo.