Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ àwọn ẹ̀yàn banki

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

Awọn iroyin Nostro ati vostro, awọn banki ajọṣepọ, SWIFT, awọn ibatan ti o ni ibatan, de-risking, ati idi ti awọn banki tuntun n gbiyanju lati gba USD ati EUR clearing.

8 min ka · Ṣàfikún 2026-10-07 · 8 àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Kekere

01Ninu banki ibaraẹnisọrọ, banki kan (awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ) tọju awọn iroyin fun awọn banki miiran (awọn aṣiṣe) ati pe o ṣe awọn sisanwo fun wọn, ni igbagbogbo ni owo-ori ti aṣiṣe ko le ṣatunṣe ararẹ.
02A nostro account is our account held at another bank. A vostro account is another bank's account held with us. The same account is a nostro to one bank and a vostro to the other.
03SWIFT ní àwọn àmì-ìwé-ìpamọ́. Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà tí wọ́n fi kọ̀ǹpútà pamọ́ sínú àwọn àkọsílẹ̀ àwọn awáròyìn àti, lórí, nínú àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò ifowopamọ́.
04Active correspondent banks across the world fell by about 22% between 2011 and 2019, with the steepest falls in small and higher-risk jurisdictions.
05Awọn banki tuntun rii pe USD ati EUR ti o nira lati gba nitori pe awọn ọrẹ gbọdọ ṣe iwadi to dara julọ lori wọn ati gba diẹ ninu awọn ibatan kekere, ti ko ni igbẹkẹle.

Àwọn ẹ̀yàn gbogbo nínú ilẹ̀ kọ̀ǹpútà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.

Awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ ati awọn alabapin

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Akọsilẹ 2016 ti CPMI lori banki ibaraẹnisọrọ ni o wa a standard definition: a eto ninu eyi ti kan banki, awọn ẹlẹgbẹ, "ni idogo ti o jẹ ti awọn miiran banki (awọn ẹlẹgbẹ) ati ki o pese isanwo ati awọn iṣẹ miiran si awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ile-ifowopamọ." Ni o kere ju rẹ, o nilo awọn ẹlẹgbẹ lati ṣii awọn iroyin ni awọn iwe ẹlẹgbẹ ati awọn ẹlẹgbẹ meji lati yipada awọn ifiranṣẹ lati dahun awọn iṣowo nipa debiti ati crediting awọn akọọlẹ wọnyi.

Ó fi ìrànṣẹ̀ hàn. Ó lò nínú àwọn ẹ̀yàn rẹ̀ atí àwọn olórí rẹ̀. Àwọn iṣẹ́ tí a lò jẹ́ líǹkì àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò inú orilẹ-ede, ìṣakosò owo-ìpamọ́, ìpàlẹ̀ àwọn ẹ̀yàn, àwọn gbàwò, àwọn kọ́ọ̀kan ìdíyelé àtí ìṣilọ́wọ́ ilẹ̀ miiran.

The CPMI notes that relationships are often reciprocal, each bank serving the other in a different currency. Correspondent banking matters most for cross-border payments, because domestic payments now usually settle through payment systems.

Àwọn àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò

Awọn ọrọ meji wọnyi ṣalaye akọọlẹ kanna lati awọn apa ti ko ni ibatan.

Ìgbà	Itumọ̀	Àwọn ìwé-ìwé tí àwọn kọ̀ǹpútà náà ni	Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò
Nostro (	Àwọn iroyin wà, tí a fi pamọ́ sí banki mìíràn	Àwọn àkọlé banki mìíràn	Account US dollar Bank A ni Bank B ni New York ni Bank A ká nostro iroyin
Vostro (	Àwọn iroyiń banki mìíràn, tí a fi pamọ́ láti inú wa	Awọn iwe wa	Àwọn àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn euro Banki C nínú Banki A ni, fun Banki A, àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn vostro

Nítorí náà, àkọ́kọ̀ọ̀kan tí Bankẹ́ A ní nínú Bankẹ́ B jẹ́ nostro fún Bankẹ́ A àti vostro fún Bankẹ́ B. Bankẹ́ kọ̀ǹpútà kan náà tun pamọ́ àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ inú rẹ̀ tí a fi papọ̀ lọ́wọ́lú àwọn àkókò láti inú bankẹ́ naa. Àkọ́kọ́ọ̀kan CPMI náà sọ pe àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ inú yìí jẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ọ̀kan míríra, tí a fi pamọ́ fún àwọn àwọn àwọn ẹ̀yàn ìṣòró.

The term loro (“ wọn”) is sometimes used for a third party’s account held at a correspondent. In practice, most banks use nostro and vostro.

Bií a ṣe lè gbé owó tí a fi pamọ́

Akọsilẹ CPMI ṣe apejuwe isanwo lati alabara ti Banki A si alabara ti Banki C nipasẹ Banki B.

Bank A debits rẹ onibara's account.
Banki A fi àkọlé àwòrán pánẹ́ẹ̀lì ranṣẹ sí Banki B.
Banki B debits banki A ká iroyin lori awọn iwe rẹ.
Banki B gba owo lati inu iroyin banki C lori awọn iwe rẹ, tabi, ti banki C ko ba ni akọọlẹ kan pẹlu rẹ, o san banki C nipasẹ eto isanwo ninu eyiti wọn mejeeji ṣe alabapin.
Banki B fi àkọlé pamọ́ sí Banki C.
Banki C gba owo-iwọle fun onibara ti n gba.

Banki Intermediary

Tí àwọn banks tí a fi pamọ́ àti tí a gbà kò bá kọ̀ǹpútà kan pẹ̀lú wọn, awọn banks mìíràn nínú ẹ̀yàn náà. Àwọn ní a pè ní bankis ìdákọ.

Àwọn mìíràn kọ̀ọ̀kan náà ṣàfikún ààyè-ìwé, àwọn owó, ìṣàfihàn ìdájọ́ àti ààyè-ìwọ̀n tí a kò lè pa. Àwọn mìíràn kọ̀ọ̀kan náà tun fẹ́ àwọn ìròyìn nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ifowopamọ́ láti fi pamọ́, eyi tí jẹ́ ìṣẹ̀dá àwọn ìṣẹ̀dá irin-ajò tí a sọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ìdájọ́.

O le tun pin awọn owo-ori. Ninu owo-ori ti o dapọ, awọn alaye alabara lọ taara lati ile-ifowopamọ ti o n beere fun si ile-ifowopamọ ti o gba, lakoko ti ifiranṣẹ banki-si-ifowopamọ ti o yatọ si gbe awọn owo-ori lọ nipasẹ awọn olukọni. Ijabọ CPMI ṣe akiyesi pe gbogbo awọn ọna kika ati ọna kika ti o dapọ le ṣee lo ni ibamu pẹlu AML awọn ofin, ti o ba jẹ pe ifiranṣẹ ti o dapọ ni awọn alaye ti a nilo.

Ààyè-iṣẹ́ àwọn ìṣàfarawe-ètò

Correspondents setup laarin ara wọn ninu awọn eto ifowopamọ ti owo. Fun euro, Eurosystem's real-time gross settlement system jẹ T2, eyiti o sọ pe ECB awọn ile-iṣẹ le wọle bi awọn alabapin to tọ, gẹgẹbi ọpọlọpọ awọn adirẹsi, tabi nipasẹ awọn ajọṣepọ aṣoju. Banki aṣoju laisi iwọle to tọ da lori igbimọ aṣoju rẹ.

Ààyè-iṣẹ́ SWIFT

SWIFT, Àwọn Ẹ̀gbẹ́ fún Ààyè-iṣẹ́ Ìṣàmúlò-ètò Ìpamọ́ Nínú Ààyè-iṣẹ́ Ìṣàmúlò-ètò Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀, tí n ṣiṣẹ́ nẹtiwọ́kì àkọlé. O ní àwọn ìṣẹ̀dà ifowopamọ́ lágbára nínú àwọn ẹ̀yàn banki, ṣugbọn kò ní kọ́ọ̀kan kọ́ọ̀kan àwọn iroyin tàbí gbé owò lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́. Agbègbèrò ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àwọn àkọsílẹ̀ àwọn agbẹ̀jọrò àti nínú àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò ifowopamọ́.

A SWIFT ibatan atí àyọkà ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ banki nípa bẹ́ẹ̀ jẹ́ tí a fẹ̀ ṣugbọn kò bá jẹ́. Láìtí àwọn kọ̀ǹpútà pẹ̀lú, banki lè fi àwọn àmì-ìwé-ìjádè lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ kọ̀ǹpútà láti inú ẹ̀yàn. Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò píláàsì nlà, pẹlú T2, lò nígbà yìí ISO 20022 àwọn àmì-ìwé-ìjádà ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀, tí wọ́n mú ààyè-iṣẹ́ àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí a dá nínú àwọn ẹgbẹ́.

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò àti Àwọn Àkọ́lé

Akọsilẹ CPMI ṣalaye awọn ayipada meji ti o ga julọ.

Bankí àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀. Àwọn bánẹ́ẹ̀lì láàrin-ọ̀kan náà lò nípa àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ kan, láti inú àwọn àgbèkalẹ̀ àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ náà. Àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ náà wòyé àwọn pàtó tí a kò rí nínú àwọn bànẹ́ẹ̀lì.
Payable-through accounts. The respondent lets its own customers access the correspondent account directly to transact on their own behalf.

Gbogbo wọn ṣe o nira fun awọn ọrẹ lati mọ ẹniti awọn sisanwo ti o n ṣiṣẹ. CPMI rii pe awọn iṣẹ wọnyi ni a ti ṣatunṣe pada, nitorinaa pe banki ọrẹ ti aṣa ti ṣakoso awọn ibatan ti o wa titi.

Ohun ti àwọn ìṣẹ̀dá fẹ́ fún àwọn awáròyìn

FATF Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ 13 nífẹ́ àwọn agbẹjọro, nínú ìrànwọ́ tí o yẹ̀ fún onínọmbà, láti:

Ṣayẹwo awọn alaye ti o to nipa ẹniti o dahun lati mọ iṣowo rẹ ati ṣe ipinnu, lati awọn alaye ijọba, igbẹkẹle rẹ ati didara iṣakoso rẹ, pẹlu eyikeyi iwadii ML / TF tabi iṣe ofin.
Ṣẹ̀dá àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò AML/CFT.
Gba ìgbàyélẹ̀ alábòójútó ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí o ṣẹ̀dá àwọn ẹ̀yàn àkọlé tuntun.
Ṣaaju ki a to le mọ awọn ibatan ti ile-iṣẹ kọọkan.
Fun payable-ọna awọn iroyin, jẹ ki o ni ifẹ pe awọn onibara ti ṣe CDD lori awọn alabara pẹlu iraye si taara ati pe o le pese rẹ lori ibeere.

The FATF also bans correspondent relationships with shell banks and requires correspondents to ensure respondents do not let shell banks use their accounts. The FATF glossary defines a shell bank as one with no physical presence in the country in which it is incorporated and licensed, and unaffiliated with a regulated group under effective consolidated supervision. Physical presence means "meaningful mind and management located within a country", not merely a local agent or low-level staff.

US federal regulation applies the same rule to accounts held in the United States: under 31 CFR 1010.630, a covered financial institution "should not establish, maintain, administer, or manage a correspondent account in the United States for, or on behalf of, a foreign shell bank", and must take reasonable steps against indirect use. Because most US dollar payments settle through US banks, this rule matters worldwide.

De-risiking ati ki o ti decrease ninu awọn ibasepọ

De-risking tumọ si ipari tabi daabobo awọn ibasepọ pẹlu gbogbo awọn iru ẹrọ ti awọn alabara tabi awọn orilẹ-ede, ju ki o ṣe iṣakoso awọn eewu ni ọran nipasẹ ọran. O di iṣoro ofin lẹhin ọdun 2011.

CPMI ati SWIFT ṣe atẹle aṣa naa. Awọn asọye 2020 ti CPMI sọ pe nọmba awọn banki ibaraẹnisọrọ ti o ṣiṣẹ ni gbogbo agbaye padanu nipa 22% laarin ọdun 2011 ati 2019, lakoko ti nọmba awọn ọna isanwo padanu nipa 12%.

Iwọn ati iye ti awọn sisanwo cross-border ti n tẹsiwaju lati dagba lori akoko kanna, eyiti o tumọ si pe diẹ sii awọn irin-ajo lọ nipasẹ awọn banki diẹ sii. CPMI ati SWIFT ti ṣe atẹjade alaye ọdun kan titi di opin-2022 data set, ti o ba pade adehun wọn pẹlu FSB.

The Financial Stability Board attributes the decline to “industry consolidation, reduced profitability from these activities, overall risk appetites of correspondent banks and various reasons related to AML/CFT or sanctions regimes”. Iṣẹ-iṣe mẹrin rẹ, ti a bẹrẹ ni Oṣu kọkanla 2015, ṣe iwadi diẹ sii, ṣalaye awọn ireti ofin nipasẹ FATF ati Basel Committee, idagbasoke agbara inu ile, ati awọn irinṣẹ iwadii to dara julọ. Ninu 2018 FSB tun fi iwe iroyin kan han lori awọn olupese iṣẹ ipadabọ ti o padanu iraye si banki.

Akọsilẹ CPMI rii pe awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti ṣe iyọkuro iṣẹ fun awọn oludije ti ko ṣe agbejade iye nla to lati daabobo awọn idiyele ti o ni ibamu, wa ni awọn ẹjọ ti a rii bi o ti jẹ eewu pupọ, ti n ṣiṣẹ awọn alabara ti alaye nipa wọn kii ṣe to, tabi ti nfunni awọn ọja ti o ga julọ tabi awọn iru ẹrọ alabara.

Kini idi ti awọn banki tuntun n gbiyanju lati gba USD ati EUR clearing

Gbogbo ibi ti o wa loke ni a lo pẹlu agbara diẹ sii si banki tuntun ti a fọwọsi.

Kò ní àkọsílẹ̀ ìrísí-lẹ́tà. Àkọsílẹ̀ náà kò lè ṣayẹwo àwọn oṣù tí àwọn ààtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn, àwọn àkọsílẹ̀ ìṣàfihàn tàbí ìtàn ìròyìn.
Low initial volume. Onboarding ati awọn atunyẹwo ọdun kan ti a respondent owo awọn ẹlẹgbẹ kanna ohunkohun ti awọn iye, ati awọn igba akọkọ awọn iye ti banki tuntun rara ni o da wọn duro.
Jurisdiction risk. Banks licensed in jurisdictions on FATF or EU lists, or with weak recent evaluations, face more scrutiny or refusal.
Customer risk. Business models built on non-resident customers, fintech or payment institution clients, crypto-asset companies or high-risk sectors look like nesting to a correspondent.
Ownership and management. Opaque ownership or managers without banking experience fail correspondent due diligence even if they passed licensing.
Awọn amọja laarin awọn olupese. Pẹlu awọn ọrẹ diẹ sii ti n ṣiṣẹ ni owo-iworo kọọkan, idẹkun lati ọkan tabi meji le pa ọja naa.

Bawo ni awọn oludije ṣe le mu awọn aye wọn pọ si

Pẹ̀lú àgbèkalẹ̀ ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ nígbà tí o bà fi pamọ́. Àwọn àgbèkalẹ̀ iṣẹ́ tí ó da lori àwọn ẹ̀yàn owo-ìtán kọ̀ǹpútà kan fẹ́ gbágbọ́ pé bí wọn ṣe lè paṣẹ́, àtí pé awọń amọ́já náà yóò ṣàyẹwó rẹ̀.
Ṣẹ̀dà láti inú ẹ̀yàn ààyè-iṣẹ́ kan. A lè kọ́ àkọsílẹ̀ kan nínú ẹ̀yàn-ìbàn ààyè-iṣẹ́ kan láti inú ẹ̀yàn-ìbàn náà ṣaajú tí a bá lọ sí àwọn alábòójútó dolà àti àwọn alábòójútó euro.
Ṣẹ̀dá pánẹ́ẹ̀lì igbẹkẹle tí o pọju. Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ ẹ̀yàn-ọ̀rọ̀ fún àwọn ẹni-ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀, àwọn iwe-aṣẹ, AML àwọn ìṣẹ̀dá, àwọn àgbèkalẹ̀ ẹ̀yàn, àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ ayẹwo, atí awọń ibeeré ile-ìṣelọpọ̀ tí a lo.
Gbogbo módélù aládùrójú. Ṣàfihàn ẹnití àwòrán tí a fi pamọ́, àtí ki o mà sọ̀rọ̀ kọ́ọ̀kan àwọn iroyiǹ fún àwọn banki mìíràn tàbí àwọn ile-iṣẹ́ ifowopamọ̀ láti dí pé àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà jẹ́ òótọ́.
Diversify early. Tẹ́ẹ̀rẹ̀ mẹ́tà fún gbogbo owo-ìpamọ́ nlà náà fi àwọn ẹ̀yàn pamọ́ láti jẹ́ pé iparí iṣẹ́ kan náà dá iṣẹ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́

Akọsilẹ to n bọ yoo sọrọ nipa awọn eto ti o wa lẹgbẹẹ eyi gbogbo: awọn oju-iwe ayelujara banki ipilẹ, igbimọ ati ilana imọ-ẹrọ.

Sources(8)

CPMI: Correspondent banking, final report (July 2016) · checked 2026-10-07
CPMI: New correspondent banking data, the decline continues at a slower pace (August 2020) · checked 2026-10-07
CPMI: Correspondent banking data · checked 2026-10-07
FSB: Further action agreed to address decline in correspondent banking relationships (July 2017) · checked 2026-10-07
FSB: Action plan to assess and address the decline in correspondent banking, progress report (March 2018) · checked 2026-10-07
FATF Recommendations (updated October 2025), Recommendation 13, as published by the Hong Kong Companies Registry · checked 2026-10-07
US Code of Federal Regulations, 31 CFR 1010.630: Prohibition on correspondent accounts for foreign shell banks · checked 2026-10-07
European Central Bank: What is T2? · checked 2026-10-07

Àkóónú nikan, kò jẹ́ ofin, owo-ori àwòrán. Àjọṣepọ̀ ìforúkọsílẹ̀.