Sayen wani banki: canji na kulawa da kwarewa holdings

Samun wani bankin da ke akwai ko tattalin arziki hukuma iya zama mafi sauri fiye da gina daya, amma shi ba zai taba a hanya a kusa da mai kula. A duk babban cibiyar kudi, mai siyar da wani hannun jari ma'ana dole ne su samu amincewar mai kula da kafin rufewa, kuma mai saye ne aka bincika kusan kamar yadda kusa da wani sabon mai neman lasisi.

Wannan jagora ya bayyana tsari na EU a cikin bayani, saboda shi ne mafi coded, kuma ya kwatanta shi da UK, Hong Kong da Switzerland. The same logic applies to e-money institutions, payment institutions, investment companies and insurers, with sector-specific variations.

Mene ke haifar da amincewa

Ra'ayin farko shi ne qualifying holding: mallakar kai tsaye ko ba ta kai tsaye da ke wakiltar kashi 10% ko fiye na jarin ko haƙƙin kada kuri'a na wani kamfani na kudi, ko kuma wanda yake samuwa don yin amfani da tasiri mai muhimmanci kan gudanarwa.

A ƙarƙashin Sashe 22 na Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), duk wanda ya yanke shawara don samun wani mallakar da ke da inganci a cikin wata cibiyar bashi, ko kuma don ƙara shi don ya kai ko ya wuce 20%, 30% ko 50%, ko kuma don bankin ya zama sashensa, dole ne ya sanar da hukumar da ta dace ta rubutu da farko. Disposals and reductions below those thresholds must also be notified under Article 25, and banks must report changes they become aware of under Article 26.

The Payment Services Directive (Sashe na 6) ya yi amfani da irin wadannan matsaloli ga cibiyoyin biyan kuɗi kuma ya mayar da martani zuwa CRD don bayanan da ake buƙata. Kamfanonin zuba jari da masu inshora suna bin dokoki masu daidaitawa, kuma dukkan bangarorin uku suna raba ɗayan rukunin Joint Guidelines wanda aka fitar ta EBA, EIOPA da ESMA (JC/GL/2016/01), waɗanda suka yi amfani da su tun daga 1 Oktoba 2017.

Ƙungiyoyi da suke aiki a haɗe

An bukaci amincewa a kowane mataki na layin mallakar, ba kawai ga kamfanin da ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya ta siyar da rarraba.

1. The control criterion. Whoever who controls an entity that holds a qualifying holding is treated as indirectly acquiring that holding in full.
2. The multiplication criterion. Where there is no control, the percents along the chain are multiplied; if the result is 10% or more, an indirect qualifying holding is acquired.

The ECB’s Guide on qualifying holding procedures states that in multi-layer structures “all indirect proposed acquirers for each layer” must notify individually, with no exception for intermediate holding companies.

Wane ke yanke shawara

Jurisdiction	Approval authority	Bayanin doka
bankunan yankin Euro	ECB, bisa wani shawara daga mai kula da kasa	CRD Sashe 22 zuwa 27 da SSM Dokar
Bankunan EU da sauran kamfanonin kudi	National competent authority	CRD, PSD2, MiFID II, Solvency II kamar yadda aka canza
United Kingdom	PRA ga kamfanonin da aka tsara su biyu; FCA ga kamfanonin da aka tsara su guda	FSMA Sashi XII (sashe 178 sanarwa)
Hong Kong	HKMA, ga makarantu da aka amince da su a cikin gida	Sashe na 70
Switzerland	FINMA	Dokar Banki, dokoki na hadin gwiwa mai inganci

A cikin yankin euro, ECB na yanke shawara game da halayen halaye a duk cibiyoyin bashi, gami da bankunan da ba su da muhimmanci ba waɗanda ba ta kula da su kai tsaye ba. Shafin authorisations ya bayyana lokacin nazari a matsayin kwanakin aiki 60, wanda zai iya faɗaɗawa zuwa mafi girman 90.

Layin lokaci

CRD na ƙayyade wani agogo mai daidaituwa, wanda dokokin kasashe ba za su iya sanya shi mafi tsanani ba:

1. Acknowledgement. The supervisor acknowledges receipt of the notification in writing within two working days and states the date the assessment period will expire.
2. Assessment period. The supervisor has a maximum of 60 working days from that acknowledgement, provided all required documents were attached.
3. Tambayar bayanin. Har zuwa ranar aiki ta 50, mai kula zai iya neman karin bayani. An dakatar da agogon har sai amsa ta zo, ba fiye da kwanakin aiki 20 ba.
4. Extended suspension. The suspension can be extended to 30 working days where the acquirer is located or regulated outside the EU, or is not itself subject to EU financial supervision.
5. Decision. Idan mai kula ya ki, sai ya faɗi haka a cikin rubutu cikin kwanaki biyu na aiki na kammala nazarin, tare da dalilai. Idan bai ki ba a cikin wannan lokacin, za'a yi la'akari da cewa an amince da mallakar.
6. Completion. The supervisor may fix a maximum period within which the acquisition must be concluded.

A cikin aiki, da agogon kawai fara lokacin da fayil ne cikakke, da kuma haɗuwa da wani cikakken fayil ga mai saye matsaloli na iya ɗaukar watanni. The ECB ya ƙarfafa tattaunawa kafin-sanarwar "da bayyana bukatun bayanai, lokaci da yadda za a magance yiwu rigingimu kula da farko a cikin tsari."

A cikin Birtaniya, da PRA kamar haka yana da 60 kwanakin aiki daga yardar da wani cikakke sanarwa don amincewa, amincewa da sharudda ko shawara don nuna adawa. The PRA ya bayyana cewa shigar da wata sabuwar kamfanin mallakar bukata na gaba amincewa har ma idan mai kula da karshe ba ya canjawa, kuma cewa samun ko rage iko ba tare da amincewa shi ne laifi a karkashin sashe 191F na FSMA.

What the supervisor assesses

CRD Sashe na 23 kafa biyar sharudda, wanda mai kula ta yi amfani da "da la’akari da yiwuwar tasiri na sayen shawara":

Criterion	What it means in practice
(a) Reputation na mai saye	Ƙaunar gaskiya, tarihin laifuffuka da dokoki, da ƙwarewa ta sana’a
(b) Manajan	Suna, ilmi, da kwarewa na kowa wanda zai jagoranci asusun bayan ciniki
(c) Tsarin kudi	Ko mai karɓa zai iya biyan kudin ciniki da goyon bayan banki a cikin lokaci
(d)	Ko bankin zai ci gaba da cika bukatun ribar hannun jari, kudi mai yawa, mulki da kulawa da kungiya
(e) Rikicin wanke kudi	Ko akwai dalilin da ya dace a zargi ML / TF, ko da cewa ciniki zai iya ƙara wannan hadari

Sashe na 23 kuma ya hana mai kulawa. Yana iya adawa kawai a kan dalilin da ya dace a karkashin wadannan sharudda ko saboda bayanan ba su cika ba, kuma ba za ta iya bincika ciniki a cikin kalmomin "buƙatun tattalin arziki na kasuwa".

Business plan and financing

A inda mai saye zai kula da banki, da ECB yana fatan wani shirin kasuwanci tare da rahotanni na kudi shirye-shiryen "ga shekaru uku a kalla bayan da aka amince da samun". The Joint Guidelines bayyana cewa kudaden da aka karba ba a cikin kansu yin wani acquirer unsuitable, amma mai kula za ta tantance ko bashi ya raunana acquirer ko damar bankin don cika bukatun prudential.

The ECB ne mafi nuna game da leverage. Yana bayar da "a hankali na musamman" ga karɓar bashi, saboda hadarin da sabon mai mallakar zai kara profile na banki na haɗari ko fitar da riba don sabis da wannan bashi. Shi ke bayyana kamfanonin hannun jari na sirri, kasafin kudin arziki da kuma conglomerates a matsayin "kasuwancin musamman" wanda ginshiƙai da manufofi bukatar cikakken bincike.

Masu samar da kuɗaɗe

The Joint Guidelines (paragraph 14.5) sanya ka'idar ga kudin da aka yi amfani da a cikin ciniki. Supervisors ya kamata su tabbatar da cewa:

• kuɗaɗen suna wucewa ta ƙungiyoyi na kudi waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin AML kulawa mai inganci a cikin EU ko kuma a ƙasashe da ke aiwatar da ƙa'idodin FATF;
• bayanin yadda kudaden aka samar da shi ne gaskiya da kuma daidai da darajar na ciniki; da
• kuɗaɗen suna da "dabarun takarda maras taɓawa zuwa ga asalinsu", ko wasu bayanai waɗanda ke warware shakku game da asalinsu na doka.

Links to jurisdictions on the FATF or EU high-risk lists call for particular attention, and supervisors may oppose a deal where the context gives reasonable grounds to suspect increased ML/TF risk even without any criminal record.

Sharudda da alkawurran

The ECB kuma ya yarda alkawurran daga acquirers, kamar yadda kiyaye ra'ayoyin hannun jari na banki ko bayar da goyon baya a cikin kudi. The HKMA a gaba daya bukaci dukan masu kula da bankuna a cikin gida hada su ba da wani takardar kwanciyar hankali alkawari don samar da hannun jari ko goyon baya a cikin kudi a lokacin bukatar.

Jurisdiction differences

• Hong Kong. The HKMA approves controllers of locally incorporated authorized institutions under section 70 of the Banking Ordinance, distinguishing minority shareholder controllers (10% to 50% of voting rights) from majority controllers. Tsarin da ya bayyana shi ne cewa wani mutum yana nufin ya riƙe 50% ko fiye dole ne a zahiri ya kasance "bankuna masu kyau ko wasu cibiyoyin kudi masu kulawa a matsayin mai kyau".
• Switzerland. Canji a cikin halayen halaye dole ne a yi rahoto ga FINMA, kuma wani banki wanda ya zama da aka kula da shi daga waje dole ne ya nuna haƙƙoƙin juna a cikin ƙasashe inda masu halayen halaye suke zaune.
• EU banks as buyers. Since the amended CRD (Directive (EU) 2024/1619) took effect, an EU bank planning to acquire a material holding, defined as 15% or more of its own eligible capital, must also notify its own supervisor in advance under new Article 27a, with a parallel 60 working day assessment.

Dumi-dumi ga masu saye

Regulatory amincewa ne kawai rabin aikin. The mai siyar da kuma bukatar su fahimci abin da shi ne samun. Areas musamman ga targets regulated hada:

1. License scope. The exact permissions held, any restrictions or conditions, and which EU passports or cross-border notifications are in place.
2. Supervisory record. Inspection reports, findings, remediation plans, capital add-ons and any pending enforcement. Ask the seller to authorize disclosure where confidentiality rules allow.
3. Kashin kai da kudi.Ra'ayi na yanzu, buffers, Pillar 2 bukatun da kashin kai da shirin kasuwanci zai buƙaci bayan rufewa.
4. AML and sanctions. Quality of customer files, past suspicious activity reporting, legacy high-risk customers and any regulatory AML findings. Inherited AML problems become the buyer's problems.
5. Correspondent and payment access. Which correspondent banks and payment schemes the target uses, and whether they will continue after a change of owner.
6. Systems da outsourcing. Core banki dandali, muhimmanci masu sayarwa da kwangila canji-na-kontrol clauses.
7. People. Ko masu riƙe da aiki na farko za su ci gaba, kuma ko ma'aikatun sabon za su wuce daidai da nazari mai kyau.

Mene ne ke tafiyar da daraja

Ba a da wata hanya ta tantance darajar takardar izinin banki, kuma farashin ya dogara ne akan cinikin da aka ambata.

• tsawo na izinin da takardun tafiya, idan aka kwatanta da lokacin da kudin samun su daga tushe;
• a clean supervisory record and AML history;
• wani tushe na ajiya mai dorewa da dangantaka da abokan cinikin da ke akwai;
• kuɗaɗen lissafi a sama da bukatun, ko kuma a'a wani rashin kuɗin lissafi wanda mai siya ya kamata ya biya;
• aiki da banki mai wakilci da samun damar shirin biyan kuɗi;
• tsarin aiki, kula da kuma ma'aikata waɗanda za su iya wuce fit da daidaitacce bincike.

Wani lasisi da ba shi da kasuwanci, babu ma'aikatansa kuma ba a warware sakamakonsa ba yana da daraja mai iyaka, saboda mai siyar zai ci gaba da fuskantar wani nazari na cikakke kuma dole ne ya gina bankin duk da haka.

Red flags: shells da “asusun-kamar” kamfanoni

Tallace-tallace na bankuna "da aka yi da kyau", kwalban lasisin lasisin ko "kamfanoni tare da lasisin banki da asusun" suna yawo sosai, musamman ga yankunan shari'a.

• Approval is still required. A change of control of a licensed entity triggers the same review of the buyer, the source of funds and the business plan described above. There is no shortcut that avoids it.
• Unused lasisi za a iya cirewa. A karkashin CRD Sashe na 18, wani mai kula zai iya cire lasisin da ba'a amfani da shi cikin watanni 12, ko inda banki ya daina kasuwanci fiye da watanni shida.
• Shell banks are cut off. EU law defines a shell bank as an institution incorporated where it has no physical presence involving meaningful mind and management, and unaffiliated with a regulated group. Credit and financial institutions are prohibited from entering into correspondent relations with one, so such an entity cannot reach the payment system.
• Undisclosed owners. Kowane tsari da ke ɓoye masu mallakar amfani, amfani da wakilai, ko kuma ba zai iya rubuta asali na kuɗaɗe ba zai kasa a cikin gwajin ma'aikacin kuɗaɗen.
• Closing before approval. Any seller who proposes to transfer control before the supervisor approves is proposing a breach of law, which in the UK is a criminal offence.

Wani mai sayarwa na amintacce na wani kamfani da aka tsara zai yi tsammanin mai siya ya shiga tare da mai kula da farko kuma zai gina lokacin lissafin lokaci na lissafi a cikin yarjejeniyar, kodayake yana iya zama kamar wani yanayi na gaba ga rufewa.