Yadda za a baiwa banki lasisi: daga shirin kasuwanci zuwa amincewa

Lasisi na banki shi ne izinin da ake bukata a fannin ayyuka na kudi. Mai neman lasisi yana tambayar gwamnati izinin karbar ajiya daga jama'a, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa masu kulawa suke bincikar dukkan wata kungiya kafin ta bude: masu mallakarta, ma'aikatarta, kudinta, tsarinta da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi wajen gudanar da ita.

Wannan jagora ya bi hanyar da mafi yawan masu neman aiki ke dauka, daga shirin kasuwanci na farko zuwa mai siye na farko. Yana amfani da hanyoyin da aka wallafa na Bankin Tsakiya na Turai (ECB) a ƙarƙashin Hanyar Bincike Mai Gudanarwa, Hukumar Kulawa ta UK Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), Hukumar Kulawa ta Kasuwanci ta Switzerland Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA), Hukumar Kudi ta Singapore (MAS) da Hukumar Kudi ta Hong Kong (HKMA).

Wanda ya ba da izinin

Amsar ta dogara ne a kan inda za'a kafa bankin, kuma yana da muhimmanci ga yadda kake tsara shirin.

Jurisdiction	Licensing authority	Wurin shiga ga shiri- na aiki
Arewacin Turai	ECB (ga duk cibiyoyin bashi)	National competent authority (NCA)
United Kingdom	PRA (bankuna an daidaita su biyu da FCA)	PRA Sashe Mai Farawa na Banki Mai Sauyi
Switzerland	FINMA	FINMA tashar bincike da shirin ayuka
Singapore	MAS	MAS
Hong Kong	HKMA	HKMA

A cikin yankin euro, ECB shine mai kula da izinin banki , amma masu kulawa na kasa ne mataki na shiga ga mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kuma suna aiki tare da ECB a kan nazari. NCA yana shirya wani kudurin hukunci, kuma ECB yana ɗaukar na ƙarshe. A waje da yankin euro, kasashen mambobin EU suna baiwa bankuna izini ta hanyar NCA ɗinsu a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun buƙatun kuɗi (CRD).

Mataki na 1: Zaɓi lasisin da ya dace

A gaban drafting duk wani abu, tabbatar da cewa cikakken lasisi banki ne abin da kasuwanci bukatar. Yawanci ayyukan da ke farawa a matsayin "bankuna" ne mafi alhẽri da aka yi amfani da wani e-diyya, biyan ko zuba jari kamfanin lasisi, wanda ya ɗauki mafi ƙasƙanci hannun jarin da kaɗan prudential alkawarin amma ba su yarda ajiya-tattara.

Wasu dokoki bayar da nau'ikan tsaka-tsakin. Switzerland yana da lasisin FinTech ga kamfanonin da karɓar ajiyar jama'a na har zuwa CHF miliyan 100 Hong Kong tana gudanar da wani tsari na matakai uku na bankuna masu lasisi, bankunan da ke da lasisi mai iyaka da kuma kamfanonin karbar ajiyar kudi, kowanne daga cikinsu yana da dokokinsa. own minimum capital. Singapore ya raba bankuna cikakke, manyan bankunan da kuma digital bankuna.

The ECB lists identifying “idan wani lasisi na wata kungiya ce ta bashi shi ne izinin da ya dace ga kungiyar” a matsayin daya daga cikin manufar tattaunawarta kafin shigarwa, bisa ga Guide to assessments of license applications.

Mataki na 2:

Dukkanin masu kula da biyar a cikin wannan jagora suna goyon bayan tuntuɓar kafin shigarwa na sirri. Yana da zaɓaɓɓu a cikin doka, amma a cikin aiwatar da aikace-aikacen da ke wucewa da shi ba sa tafiya daidai.

• ECB and euro area NCAs. The ECB guide describes a pre-application phase used to explain the process and information requirements, review the licensing plans and raise early prudential concerns. It says the practice “is greatly encouraged” and that pre-application discussions have no impact on the legal timeline.
• UK. The PRA’s New Bank Start-up Unit runs a structured pre-application process in three stages:a business proposition meeting,a review of a draft regulatory business plan,and technical sessions on the final business plan, ICAAP and ILAAP.Each stage typically has a meeting within three to six weeks of submission and written feedback afterwards.
• Switzerland. FINMA ya tambayi cewa an gabatar da aikin lasisin kafin a shigar da aikace-aikacen.

Senior yanke shawara-makers ya kamata su halarci wadannan tarurrukan. The ECB jagora yana da labari cewa dama masu halartar ne "masu kula da ma'aikata tare da ikon yin shawarwari da kuma mutane da isasshen kimiyya aiki don amsa tambayoyi game da bayani."

Mataki na 3: Gina shirin ayuka

A cikin EU, EBA Tallace-tallace a kan izinin cibiyoyin bashi (EBA/GL/2021/12) sun kafa wata hanyar tattara bayanai mai zaman kanta wacce ke rufe shirin ayyukan, kasuwar hannun jari, masu saka hannun jari, kwamitin gudanarwa, tsarin mulki na ciki, ICT, fitarwa da haɗarin lalata kudi.

A typical package contains:

1. Programme na ayyuka da shirin kasuwanci : shirye-shirye, cimma abokan ciniki da kasuwanni, kayayyakin aiki, rarraba hanyoyin, da kuma rahotanni a cikin wani babban al'amari da mai tsanani amma plausible stress al'amari.
2. Ka'idar jarin: jarin farko, bukatun kuɗaɗe na kanka, asarar farawa da kuma tushen jarin.
3. Ma'anar mai saka hannun jari: haɗin mallaka na cikakke zuwa ga masu mallakar da suka fi amfani, tare da rahotanni na kudi da ma'ana na kuɗaɗe ga kowanne mai saka hannun jari.
4. Management body: CVs, fit da kuma daidai tambayoyi da shaidar lokaci alkawarin ga kowane memba na kwamiti da maɓalli aiki mai rike.
5. Gwamnatoci da tsare-tsaren haɗari: tsari na ƙungiya, kwamiti, layuka uku na karewa, sha'awar haɗari, hannun jari na ciki da nazarin kudi (ICAAP da ILAAP).
6. IT da outsourcing: gini, tsaro, ci gaba da kasuwanci, da duk wani abu outsourcing yarjejeniyar.
7. AML/CFT framework: business-wide risk assessment, policies, customer due diligence procedures and the appointed AML officer.
8. Recovery da fitar da shirin: yadda bankin zai mayar da matsayinsa a karkashin nauyi, kuma, inda aka tambaye, yadda za ta shanye a cikin wani tsari.

The EBA shawarwari kuma gaya masu kula da cewa su tambayi ko wani mai nema da shirin yin mafi yawan kasuwancin sa a wani wuri ya zaɓi hukuncinsa "don manufar kauce wa ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri (misali game da tsarin AML / CFT)".

4: Capital

Sashe na 12 na CRD: dole ne a ki amincewa idan kasuwar farko ta kasa da miliyan 5 na Euro. Kasashen mambobi za su iya ba da izinin wasu nau'ikan cibiyoyin bashi don farawa da ba kasa da miliyan 1 na Euro ba, bayan sanar da Kwamitin da EBA.

A karkashin EBA hanya, masu kula da kimanta bukatun kudi na kansu a cikin shekaru uku a kalla a cikin dukkanin tsarin da kuma yanayi mai wahala, ya kwatanta da cewa da farko jarin da aka sa ran asarar cumulative ga farkon shekaru uku, kuma su dauki mafi girman adadi. The ECB yana amfani da irin wannan hanyoyi, da kuma fintech licensing guide tambayar masu neman izinin su nuna za su iya "dauke a ajiya m jarin da ya isa ya rufe fara asarar a cikin shekaru uku na farko na aiki".

Wasu masu kulawa sun wallafa ƙananan ƙananan:

Jurisdiction	Published minimum for a full bank	Masu Sauƙi
EU	EUR 5 miliyan na farko (EUR 1 miliyan ga nau'ikan da aka yarda)	CRD Sashe na 12
Switzerland	CHF 10 miliyan	FINMA
Hong Kong	HK$300 miliyan (bankuna masu lasisi); HK$100 miliyan (bankunan da ke da lasisi mai tsauri); HK$25 miliyan (kamfani mai karbar ajiya)	HKMA
Singapore	S $ 1.5 biliyan da aka biya don wani banki na dijital; S $ 15 miliyan a shigarwa a matsayin bankin dijital mai iyaka	MAS

Ya kamata a biya hannun jari, ba tare da wata nauyi ba kuma daga wani wurin da mai kula zai iya tabbatar da shi. Kudin da aka karba da aka gabatar da su a matsayin hannun jari, ko kuma kudaden da ba za a iya bin diddiginsu ba, sune wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka fi yawa da ake samu wajen dakatar da aikace-aikacen.

Mataki na 5: Fit da daidaitacce

Masu kula suna tantance kungiyoyi biyu na mutane: waɗanda ke tafiyar da banki da waɗanda suke da shi.

Management. The CRD bukata cewa aƙalla mutane biyu da tasiri shiryar da kasuwancin. The ECB tace mambobin kwamitin kan kwarewar, suna, rikice-rikice na amfãni, daidaituwa na jama'a da kuma lokacin alkawari, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikinsa Guide on qualifying holding procedures. FINMA buƙata raba tsakanin strategic kula da kuma gudanarwa shugabanci, wani mallakar ciki bincike, da kuma gudanarwa jagorantar daga Switzerland. The HKMA ya ce da shugaban gudanarwa, manajoji, masu sarrafawa da shugabannin gudanarwa dole ne su kasance "fit da kuma dace".

Shareholders. Duk wanda ke da wani kwarewa mallaka (10% ko fiye da jarin ko da hakkin zabe, ko da muhimmanci tasiri) ne aka tantance domin suna, kudi lafiya da kuma haɗin gwiwa zuwa lalata kudi hadari. The HKMA's Guideline a kan Minimum Ka'idoji ga Authorization ya bayyana cewa wani mutum da nufin su rike 50% ko fiye na wani wuri-zuwa-lokaci shigar da izinin cibiyar dole ne gabaɗaya "da kyau kafa banki ko wani bankin da aka kula da kudi cibiyar a cikin kyakkyawar matsayi". FINMA bukata da cewa waje-kontroled bankuna nuna haƙƙin musayar a cikin kasashen da kwarewa 'yan wasa ne domiciled.

Waɗannan dokoki na masu saka hannun jari suna da amfani a nan gaba idan wani ya so ya sayi banki.

Mataki na 6: IT, outsourcing da aiki juriya

Don bankuna na EU, Dokar Tsarin Gudanar da Gudanarwa ta Dijital, Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, an yi amfani da shi tun daga 17 ga Janairu, 2025 kuma ya sanya buƙatu masu tsauri game da kula da haɗarin ICT, rahoton hatsarin, gwajin da haɗarin ɓangare na uku.

ECB's fintech jagora ya bayyana abin da masu kula da duba a kan outsourcing: ko dai yarjejeniyoyi baiwa bankin da masu kula da shi don bincika ayyuka outsourced, yadda aka gudanar da tsari cloud, da kuma ko bankin zai iya gano da kuma amsawa ga ciwon kwamfuta. A banki gina a kan wani babban dandamali na banki da aka saya daga mai sayarwa dole ne har yanzu nuna cewa shi ke sarrafawa da fahimtar wannan dandali.

Matsaloli masu amfani ga shirin ayuka:

• Map dukan muhimmanci aiki da kuma halin wanda ke gudanar da shi, inda, da kuma a karkashin abin da yarjejeniyar.
• Nuna cewa fita daga kowanne mai sayar da muhimmanci ne za a iya ba tare da dakatar da banki.
• Nuna sakamakon gwajin, ba kawai zane-zane ba. EBA shawarwarin suna bawa masu kula da damar buƙatar gwaje-gwajen tsarin ICT kafin lasisi ya zama mai amfani.

Mataki na 7: AML da tsarin cin hanci da rashawa

Masu kula da bincike na binciken lalata kudi da kuma haɗarin tallafawa 'yan ta'adda a lokacin amincewa, ba kawai bayan farawa ba. EBA shawarwari suna magance haɗarin ML / TF a matsayin ɓangare na kowane yanki na nazari, daga sigar kasuwanci da kasuwanni masu niyya zuwa dacewar masu saka hannun jari da manajoji.

A aikace-aikace ya kamata ya hada da wani kasuwanci-wide risk tattaunawa dangantacce ga ainihin samfurin set da abokan ciniki tushe, a sunan AML compliance ma'aikaci tare da ikon da kuma albarkatu don aiki, mai amfani da hakkin kulawa da ayyukan bincike na ciniki, hukuncin gwaji, da kuma shirin horarwa. A inda shirin kasuwanci ke nufin mafi girma-risk abokan ciniki, yankuna ko hanyoyi, the framework must show proportionately stronger controls.

Ga bankuna da za su buƙaci musayar waje, musamman a cikin dalar Amurka, bankunan ma'aikaci za su gudanar da bincike na kansu a kan sabon banki. AML ƙayyadadden tsari zai iya barin wani banki mai izinin ba tare da dangantakar ma'aikaci ba wanda yake buƙatar aiki.

Mataki na 8:

Kadan daga cikin bankunan da suka samu lasisi sun shirya su yi aiki da abokan ciniki a ranar da aka ba su lasisi.

• UK mobilisation. The PRA offers authorization with restrictions, during which “the bank’s deposit-taking permission is limited to a total of £50,000” while it completes its operational build. This period typically lasts no longer than 12 months.
• EU conditions and restrictions. The EBA guidelines allow supervisors to attach conditions precedent, obligations and restrictions to a license, for example limiting deposits per depositor. Lifting the restrictions is subject to an additional evaluation.
• Singapore restricted digital bank. A new digital full bank in Singapore starts as a Restricted DFB with S$15 million paid-up capital, aggregate deposits capped at S$50 million and individual deposits capped at S$75,000, then graduates by building capital towards S$1.5 billion.

Wani lasisi da aka bai wa amma ba a yi amfani da shi ba yana da tsawon rai. A karkashin CRD Sashe na 18, ana iya cire izinin idan banki bai yi amfani da shi ba cikin watanni 12.

Mataki 9: Layin lokaci

Lokacin da aka sanya wa'adin doka ya sanya iyakar waje, amma lokacin gaskiya yana dogara ne akan shiryawa da amsawa.

Jurisdiction	Statutory or published timeline
EU (CRD Sashe 15)	Mataki a cikin watanni shida na wani cikakken aikace-aikace, kuma a kowane hali a cikin watanni 12 na karɓar
UK (PRA)	Target na watanni huɗu ga cikakken aikace-aikace (statutory shida); watanni goma ga wani ba cikakke daya (statutory 12)
Switzerland	Babu lokacin da aka ƙayyade; yana dogara ga nau'in lasisi, inganci da wahalar shiri- na aiki

The ECB ya lura da cewa Member States fara agogo daban-daban: wasu a karɓar har ma idan ba cikakke, sauran kawai lokacin da aka kammala. Shirinsa na bayyana cewa duk tsari "ba za su wuce 12 watanni, ciki har da duk wani lokaci tsawaita." Pre-aikace-aikace aiki da bayan-licens motsa jiki ba a haɗa a cikin waɗannan ƙididdiga, don haka cikakken tafiya daga taron farko zuwa ga mai amfani na farko ne a kullum mafi girma.

Kudin shigar da aikace-aikacen Birtaniya, wanda ya ƙunshi PRA da FCA, shine £56,300 bisa ga shafin PRA's New Bank Start-up Unit a lokacin rubutawa.

Me ke canjawa

The ECB ya sanar a cikin Yuni 2026 da cewa shi Guide to lasisin shigarwa ne aka sake dubawa don bayyana abubuwa na tsari da kuma ambaci musamman ga EBA shawarwari, tare da wallafa da ake tsammani a cikin na uku quarter na 2026. Applicants a cikin euro yankin ya kamata ka duba ga gyaran shiryarwa kafin shigarwa.

The amended CRD (Directive (EU) 2024/1619) also requires many third-country banks to establish an authorized branch to provide core banking services in a Member State, with most of those rules applying from 11 January 2027. Groups planning to serve EU customers from outside the Union should factor this into the choice between a subsidiary and a branch.

Dalilai masu yawa na kuskure a cikin aikace-aikace

• A shirin kasuwanci da ba ya rayuwa stress gwaji, ko shirye-shiryen riba ba tare da wani hanyar da za a iya amincewa da su.
• Kuɗaɗen daga waɗansu maɓuɓɓugan da mai kula ba zai iya tabbatarwa ba, ko kuma kuɗin yana dogara ne ga wani kamfani guda wanda yake da isassun kuɗaɗe.
• Manajan ba tare da banki kwarewar a cikin ra'ayoyin kasuwancin da aka gabatar.
• Outsourcing da ke barin banki ba tare da cikakken iko a kan tsarinta na farko.
• An kwafe wani AML framework daga wani siffar da ba a gina shi ga masu amfanin kai ba.
• Kaɗan ko babu wani abu a cikin dokokin lasisi.

Ba wani daga cikin wadannan matsaloli ne fatal idan aka tashi da farko. Wannan shi ne babban darajar na gaba-aikacen matakin: yana baiwa mai nema gyara rauni kafin su ne aka rubuta a cikin wani tsari tasiri.