Indlela yokuthola ilayisense lebhange: kusuka kuhlelo lwebhizinisi

Ilayisense lebhange yigunya elinzima kakhulu emisebenzini yezimali. Umfakisicelo ucela izwe ukuthi livumeleke ukudlulisa imali yabahlali, ngakho-ke abaphathi babheka yonke inhlangano ngaphambi kokuba ivule: abathengisi bayo, abaphathi bayo, imali yayo, amathuluzi ayo nokulawula kwayo.

Lo mhlahlandlela ulandela indlela abafaki-zi abaningi abathatha ngayo, kusukela kuhlelo lokuqala lwebhizinisi kuya kumthengisi wokuqala. Isebenzisa izindlela ezishicilelwe yi-European Central Bank (ECB) ngaphansi kwe-Single Supervisory Mechanism, iUK Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA), iSwiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA), iMoney Authority of Singapore (MAS) ne-Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA).

Ubani onikeza ilayisense

Isinqumo sizoxhomekeka lapho ibhange lizoba khona, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uhlela kanjani le phrojekthi.

Umthethosivivinywa	Igunya lelayisense	Indawo yokungena yesisebenziso
Indawo ye-Euro	ECB (kuzo zonke izinhlangano zezimali)	Igunya eligunyaziwe lezwe (NCA)
i-United Kingdom	PRA (amabhange alawulwa kabili nge FCA)	PRA Iyunithi entsha yokuqalisa ibhange
i-Switzerland	FINMA	FINMA iphrojekthi yocwaningo nesicelo
i-Singapore	MAS	MAS
i-Hong Kong	HKMA	HKMA

Ezindaweni ze-euro, i ECB iyigunya eliphethe izinqumo zokwamukela amabhange, kodwa abaqondisi bamazwe ngamazwe yindawo yokungenisa izicelo eziningi futhi besebenza ne ECB ekuhlolweni. INCA ilungiselela isiphakamiso sesinqumo, kanti i ECB ithatha isigqibo sokugcina. Ngaphandle kwezifundazwe ze-euro, amazwe amalungu e-EU avumela amabhange ngokusebenzisa i-NCA yabo ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo yezidingo zezimali (CRD).

Inyathelo 1: Khetha ilayisense elifanele

Phambi drafting noma yini, uqinisekise ukuthi ilayisense bhange egcwele yilokho ibhizinisi idinga. Amaphrojekthi amaningi aqala njenge “ibhange” zisetshenziswa kahle nge-e-mali, ukukhokha noma inkokhelo yenkampani ilayisense, okuyinto ezithwala imali engenayo ephansi futhi izibopho ezincane prudential kodwa ayivumelani idiphozi-ukuthatha.

Ezinye izinkantolo zinikeza izinhlobo eziphakathi. Switzerland has a FinTech licence for firms that accept public deposits of up to CHF 100 million without investing them or paying interest on them. I-Hong Kong isebenzisa uhlelo lwezinhlangothi ezintathu lwamabhange avunyelwe, amabhange avunyelwe futhi amankampani okufaka imali, ngayinye ine imali encane. ISingapore ihlukanise amabhange agcwele, amabhange amakhulu namabhange edijithali.

Uhlu lwe ECB lubonisa ukuthi “uma ilayisense lenhlangano yemali liyigunya elifanele lesi sisebenzi” njengenye yezinhloso zezingxoxo zayo ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo, ngokusho kwe- Guide to assessments of license applications.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukuxhumana ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo

Zonke izilawuli eziyisithupha kule ncwadi zikhuthaza ukuxhumana ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo esisemthethweni. Kuyisinqumo emthetho, kodwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenayo kaningi zisebenza kahle.

• ECB kanye ne-euro area NCAs. I-ECB guide ichaza isikhashana sokuqala sokufaka isicelo esisetshenziselwa ukuchaza indlela nolwazi oludingayo, ukuhlola imikhankaso yokuthola izitifiketi nokuphakamisa izintshisekelo zokuqala zokuzivikela. Ithi lo msebenzi “ukhuthazwa kakhulu” futhi ukuthi ukuxoxisana ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo akuyona imiphumela emibi kwisikhathi senqubo yezomthetho.
• UK. I- PRA’s New Bank Start-up Unit iqhuba umkhankaso ohlakaniphile wokufaka isicelo ezinyangeni ezintathu: inhlangano yokufuna umsebenzi, ukubuyekezwa kohlelo lokusebenza lwebhizinisi olulawulwayo, kanye nezingqungquthela zezobuchwepheshe kuhlelo lomsebenzi oluphelile, ICAAP ne-ILAAP. Inkathi ngayinye ivame ukuba nengqungquthela phakathi kwezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine zokwethula nokubuyiswa okubhaliwe ngemuva kwalokho.
• Switzerland. FINMA ubuza ukuthi iphrojekthi ye- license isanda kufakwa ngaphambi kokuba isicelo esisemthethweni sifakwe.

I ECB umhlahlandlela iphawula ukuthi abahlanganyeli efanele "abaphathi abaphezulu nekhono ukwenza izinqumo kanye nabantu abanolwazi lokusebenza okunembile ukuphendula imibuzo ecacile."

Inyathelo 3: Yenza iphakethe lesicelo

Isihloko sesicelo sifana kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe. E-EU, EBA Imiyalelo yokugunyazwa kwezinhlangano zezimali (EBA/GL/2021/12) ibeke indlela yokuhlola ejwayelekile ehlanganisa uhlelo lokusebenza, imali engenayo, abanikazi bezimali, isigungu sokulawula, ukuphathwa kwangaphakathi, ICT, ukukhishwa kwangaphandle kanye nengozi yokuhlanza imali.

Iphakethe elijwayelekile liqukethe:

1. Iphrojekthi yokusebenza kanye nohlelo lwebhizinisi: inhloso, abathengisi aba target kanye namamakethe, imikhiqizo, ukusakazwa amathuluzi, kanye nokubikezela kwemali engxenyeni yesisekelo kanye necala elibi kodwa elifanele.
2. Uhlelo lwemali eyinhloko: imali eyinhloko yokuqala, izimfuneko zezimali ezilindelekile, ukulahleka kokuqala kanye nomthombo wemali eyinhloko.
3. Imininingwane yomthengisi wezimali: ukulandelana okuphelele komhlaba wonke kwabanikazi abaphumelelayo, kanye nemibiko yezimali nomthombo wamandla kunoma yimuphi umhlinzeki wezimali ofanele.
4. Inhlangano yokulawula: I-CVs, amafomu okubuza imibuzo afanele kanye neziqinisekiso zokubekezela kwesikhathi kwalowo wonke ulungu lwebhodi nalabo abanemisebenzi ebalulekile.
5. Ukulawula nohlelo lokuphepha: i-chart yenhlangano, amakomidi, imigwaqo emithathu yokuvikela, ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha, imali engenayo yangaphakathi kanye nokucwaswa kwezimali ezingenalutho (ICAAP ne ILAAP).
6. IT kanye nokukhishwa kwangaphandle: ukwakhiwa, ukuphepha, ukuqhubeka kwebhizinisi, kanye nanoma iyiphi inkontileka yokukhishwa kwangaphandle.
7. AML/CFT iphrojekthi: ukuhlolwa kwengozi yebhizinisi lonke, amaphoyisa, izimo zokwethembeka kwamakhasimende kanye AML umphathi.
8. Ukubuyiswa kanye nokuhlela ukukhishwa: indlela ibhange elizobuyisela ngayo indawo yayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi, futhi lapho kucelwe khona, indlela elizoyisusa ngayo ngendlela efanele.

Izincomo ze-EBA zitshela abaphathi ukuthi babuze ukuthi ngabe umfakisicelo ohlela ukwenza ingxenye enkulu yebhizinisi lakhe endaweni ethile wakhetha igunya lakhe “ngokwenza kube lula ukuvimbela izimiso zokulawula eziqinile (umz. ngokuphathelene nesimo se-AML/CFT)”. Izinto ezweni lokuhlinzekwa ngelayisense zilindeleke, azikhethiwe.

Isigaba 4: Isixeko

Izinga lomthetho e-EU libekwe yi- Isigaba 12 CRD: igunya kumele liphoqwe lapho um kapitali wokuqala ungaphansi kuka-EUR 5 million. Izwe lamalungu lingavumela izinhlobo ezithile zenhlangano yemali yokukhokha ukuthi ziqale zingabi ngaphansi kuka-EUR 1 million, ngemuva kokuxwayisa iKomidi kanye EBA.

I-EBA methodology, abaqondisi balinganisela izidingo zezimali zabo ezingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu kunoma yiziphi izimo zokuqala kanye nezimo zokucindezeleka, baqhathaniswa nemali yokuqala kanye nokulahleka okulindelekile kwezinyanga ezintathu zokuqala, bese bethatha inani eliphakeme. I-ECB isebenzisa lo mqondo ofanayo, futhi i- fintech licensing guide ibuza abafaki isicelo ukuthi babonise ukuthi banga “gcina imali eyanele yokuvimbela ukulahleka kokuqala eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala yomsebenzi”.

Abanye abaphathi bashicilela amaphesenti aphansi:

Umthethosivivinywa	Okuncane okushicilelwe ngebhange eligcwele	Isizinda
i-EU	i-EUR 5 ezigidini zezimali zokuqala (i-EUR 1 ezigidini zezigaba ezivunyelwe)	CRD Isigaba 12
i-Switzerland	I-CHF 10 million ikhokhwe ngokuphelele	FINMA
i-Hong Kong	i-HK$300 million (ibhange eligunyaziwe); i-HK$100 million (ibhange elihlobene nelayisense); i-HK$25 million (inkampani ethatha imali engenayo)	HKMA
i-Singapore	I-S$1.5 billion ikhokhwe ukuze kube nebhange eligcwele ledijithali; i-S$15 million ekungeneni njengebhange eliphelele ledijithali elihlobene	MAS

Imali-mboleko kumele ikhokhwe, ingabi nenkinga futhi ivela emthonjeni okwazi ukuwuqinisekisela umphathi. Imali ekhokhelwa ngokudluliswa kwempahla, noma imali engatholakali, yizona izizathu ezivame kakhulu zokungasebenzi kahle kwezicelo.

Inyathelo 5: Ukuhlolwa okulungile nokunembile

Abaqondisi bahlonza amaqembu amabili abantu: labo abaphatha ibhange nalabo abane.

Ukulawula. I CRD idinga ukuthi abantu ababini baqondise bhizinisi ngokuphumelelayo. I ECB ibheka amalungu ebhodi ngolwazi, isithunzi, ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo, ukufaneleka komphakathi kanye nokuzibophezela kwesikhathi, njengoba kubonisiwe kwi- Isikhombisi senqubo yokugcina efanelekayo . FINMA idinga ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kokuqashwa okunengqondo nokuphathwa komphathi, ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi okungazimele, nokuphathwa okwenziwe eSwitzerland. I HKMA ichaza ukuthi umphathi omkhulu, abaqondisi, abalawuli nabaphathi bokusebenza kufanele babe “balungele futhi belungile”.

Izisebenzisi zezimali. Wonke umuntu ophethe impahla efanelekayo (i-10% noma ngaphezulu kwemali engenayo noma ilungelo lokuvota, noma umphumela obalulekile) uhlonipheka ngodumo, ukunethezeka kwezomnotho kanye nezingqinamba zokudlidliza imali. I-HKMA’s Guideline on Minimum Criteria for Authorization isho ukuthi umuntu ofuna ukugcina i-50% noma ngaphezulu komkhakha ogunyaziwe ofakwe endaweni kufanele kube “ibhange eliqinile noma elinye ibhange elinqunywe kahle”. FINMA lidinga ukuthi amabhange alawulwa yizwe langaphandle ahlonishwe ngokumelene namalungelo ezweni lapho abahlanganyeli abafanelekayo behlala khona.

Imithetho efana naleyo yomthengisi isebenza ngemuva lapho umuntu efuna ukuthenga ibhange. Umhlahlandlela wethu wokuguqulwa kokulawula uhlanganisa le nqubo.

Isigaba 6: IT, ukuhlinzekwa kwangaphandle kanye nokumelana nokusebenza

Ubuchwepheshe buhlolwa njengengxenye yelayisense. Kubhange le-EU, i-Digital Operational Resilience Act, Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, isebenza kusukela ngoJanuwari 17, 2025 futhi ibeka izimfuneko eziphathelene nokulawula umngcele we-ICT, ukubikezela izimo, ukuhlolwa kanye nomngcele wesithathu.

I ECB i fintech umhlahlandlela ichaza ukuthi yini abaqondisi hlola on outsourcing: noma ngabe imikhankaso ukuvumela ibhange nabagqugquzeli bayo ukubuyekeza imisebenzi outsourced, kanjani amathuluzi cloud zilawulwa, futhi noma ngabe ibhange ingathola futhi uphendule izigameko cyber. ibhange eyenziwe core banking platform ekhokhelwa kusuka umhlinzeki kufanele akusho ukuthi ilawula futhi ukuqonda ukuthi iphrojekthi.

Izinkomba ezisebenzayo zesicelo:

• I-map yonke imisebenzi ebalulekile kanye nesimo oyenzayo, lapho, futhi ngaphansi kwesivumelwano.
• Bonisa ukuthi ukuphuma kunoma yimuphi umhlinzeki obalulekile kungase kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuyeka ibhange.
• Sibonise imiphumela yokuhlolwa, hhayi ukwakheka kuphela. Izincomo ze EBA zivumela abaphathi ukuthi bafune ukuhlolwa kwesistimu ye-ICT ngaphambi kokuba ilayisense ibe namandla.

Inyathelo lesi-7: AML kanye nephrojekthi yobugebengu

Abaphenyi babheka ingozi yokuhlukunyezwa kwezimali kanye nokuxhaswa kwabahlaseli uma bevunyelwa, hhayi ngemuva kokuqala kuphela. EBA imithetho elawula ukuphathwa kwengozi ye-ML/TF njengengxenye yanoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlola, kusukela kumodeli yebhizinisi namabhizinisi ahlobene nokufaneleka kwabagibeli bezimali kanye nabaphathi.

Isicelo kufanele kufaka phakathi ibhizinisi-wonke ukulinganisa umonakalo ohlobene nemikhiqizo yangempela set futhi umthengi base, igama AML ukuhambisana umphathi ngegunya kanye nemithombo ukuba asebenze, umthengi efanele ukunakekelwa kanye nohlelo lokulandelela inkokhelo, izimangalo ukuhlolwa, kanye nokuqeqesha izinhlelo. lapho ibhizinisi izinhlelo ezibhekene high-umthelela abathengi, imiphakathi noma amathuluzi, iphrojekthi kumele ibonise proportionally ukulawula okunamandla.

Ibhange elizodinga ukucaciswa kwemali yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi kumadola ase-US, amabhange ahambisanayo azoqhuba uphenyo lwabo olufanele kwibhange elisha. AML iphrojekthi encane ingashiya ibhange eligunyaziwe ngaphandle kobudlelwane bokuxhumana okudingayo ukusebenza.

Inyathelo 8: Izitifiketi nezivumelwano

Amanye amabhange amasha ambalwa akulungele ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kumakhasimende ngosuku lapho ethola ilayisense. Abaqondisi bathuthukise izindlela zokunikeza izinqumo ngenkathi ukwakhiwa kuqediwe.

• Umphakathi wase-UK. I- PRA inikeza igunya elinomkhawulo, lapho “ibhange iphothifoliyo-ukuthatha izinkokhelo izinqumo kuvunyelwe kuphela ukufinyelela £50,000” ngenkathi iqedela yayo operational ukwakha. Le sikhathi ngokuvamile ahlala isikhathi eside kunayo 12 izinyanga.
• Izimo nemingcele ye-EU. I- EBA imithetho evumela abaqondisi ukuthi bafake izimo ezidlule, izinqubomgomo kanye nezithintelo kwilayisense, isibonelo ukuvimbela ama-deposits ngalowo ofaka imali. Ukususa izithintelo kudinga ukuhlolwa okuningi.
• Ibhange ledijithali elivunyelwe eSingapore. Ibhange elisha eliphelele ledijithali eSingapore liqala njenge-Restricted DFB nemali engenayo eyizigidi ezingama-S$15, izimali eziqoqiwe ezifinyelela kuma-S$50 million kanye nezimali zomuntu siqu ezifinyelela ku-S$75,000, bese ziqedela ukwakha imali engu-S$1.5 billion.

Ilayisense enikezelwe kodwa engasetshenziswanga ayihlala isikhathi eside. CRD Isigaba 18, igunya lingasuswa uma ibhange lingazisebenzisa ngaphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12.

Inyathelo 9: Izinkomba zesikhathi

Izinsuku zokugcina ezisemthethweni zibeka umkhawulo ongaphandle, kodwa isikhathi sangempela sixhomekeke ekulungiseleleni nokuphendula.

Umthethosivivinywa	Isikhathi esisemthethweni noma esishicilelwe
EU (CRD Isigaba 15)	Decision within six months of a complete application, and in any event within 12 months of receipt
UK (PRA)	Isikhathi esilinganiselwe senyanga emine sokufaka isicelo esigcwele (isithupha esisemthethweni); amasonto ayisishiyagalombili ngenye engaphelelanga (imithetho 12)
i-Switzerland	Akukho sikhathi esilinganiselwe; kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwelayisense, umgangatho kanye nobunzima besicelo

I- ECB iphawula ukuthi amazwe amalungu eqala isikhashana ngokuhlukile: abanye lapho bethola khona ngisho uma bengaqediwe, abanye kuphela lapho kuqediwe. Umhlahlandlela wayo usho ukuthi yonke lenqubo “akufanele ibe ngaphezulu kwezinyanga ezingu-12, kufaka phakathi nanoma yiziphi izinyanga zokumiswa.” Umsebenzi ongaphambili wesicelo kanye nokuthuthuka ngemuva kwelayisense akubandakanywa kulezo zibalo, ngakho-ke uhambo oluphelele kusuka ekuxoxweni lokuqala kuya kumthengisi wokuqala luvame ukuba lude kakhulu.

Imali yokufaka isicelo e-UK, ehlanganisa zombili PRA ne FCA, yi-£56,300 ngokusho kwekhasi le-PRA’s New Bank Start-up Unit ngesikhathi sokubhala.

Into eshintshayo

I ECB yamemezela ngoJuni 2026 ukuthi i-Guide yayo yesicelo selayisense sizobuyekezwa ukuze kucaciswe izimo zenqubomgomo kanye nokubhekisa ngokucacile kuma- EBA guidelines, nokuthunyelwe okulindeleke ukuba kube ngekota yesithathu yonyaka ka-2026. Abafaki isicelo ezweni le-euro kufanele babheke usizo olubuyekeziwe ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo.

Uhlelo olushintshiwe CRD (Umthetho olandelwayo (EU) 2024/1619) futhi idinga amabhange amaningi asezweni lesithathu ukuba avule inkontileka egunyazwe ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezimali eziyinhloko ezweni lamalungu, kanti ingxenye enkulu yalezi zimiso izosebenza kusukela ngoJanuwari 11, 2027. Amaqembu ahlela ukunikeza izisebenzi ze-EU ezivela ngaphandle kwe-Union kufanele athathe lokhu njengokhetho phakathi kwenkampani encane nenhlangano yebhizinisi.

Izizathu ezijwayelekile zokungasebenzi kwezicelo

• Uhlelo lwebhizinisi olungaqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwe-stress, noma iphrojekthi yemali engenayo ngaphandle kwendlela eqinisekisiwe.
• Imali esuka kumakhompiyutha angeke iqinisekiswe ngumqondisi, noma ixhomekeke kumnikazi wesiqalo onezimali ezincane.
• Ukuphathwa kungekho lwazi lwebhange kumalayini ebhizinisi aphakanyisiwe.
• Ukukhishwa kwangaphandle okushiya ibhange lingenakulawulwa kweqiniso kumasistimu ayo aphambili.
• I AML iphrojekthi ekhophiwe kusuka kwitemplate ngaphezu kokwakha izisebenzisi zangempela.
• Iningi noma akukho lutho ezweni elinikeza ilayisense.

Akunalutho lwalezi zinkinga oluyingozi uma kuphakanyiswa kuqala. Lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sesigaba sokufaka isicelo ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo: ivumela umfakisicelo ukuthi alungise izimo ezibi ngaphambi kokuba zishicilelwe ekuhlolweni okusemthethweni.