Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò àti ààyè-iṣẹ́: LCR, NSFR, ìmọ̀ràn-ìpamọ́ àti ẹnití o fi èrè lọ́wọ́lú

Bii awọn banki ṣe nilo lati gbero 30-ọjọ ti o nira ati ifunni ara wọn ni irọrun, ati bii aabo idogo ati ifowopamọ banki ti n ṣalaye aabo.

9 min ka · Ṣàfikún 2026-10-07 · 8 àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Kekere

01Awọn ẹ̀yàn tí a fi pamọ́ nínú àwọn ohun-inì tí a fi pamọ́ nínú ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè dáwọ́ kọ́ọ̀kan àwọn ìjádé owó nínú ọjọ́ 30. Ó kùnà ní 100%.
02Awọn akojopo owo-ori ti o lagbara ni a nilo lati ni owo-ori ti o lagbara ti o kere ju 100% ti owo-ori ti o lagbara ti a nilo fun ọdun kan.
03Ìdákọ́ àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà kọ̀ǹpútà. Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò tí a fi pamọ́ nínú àwọn àwọn àwọn àwọn àwọn àwọn àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ owó kò jẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀.
04Awọn inawo idogo ni o da lori awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu 100,000 fun ẹnikẹni ti o fipamọ sinu banki kan ni EU ati £ 120,000 ni UK, ati pe awọn banki agbegbe nfunni lati ṣe atilẹyin fun awọn ile-iṣẹ banki ti o ni anfani lati pade awọn iṣoro igba pipẹ.

Banks faye ni awọn ọna meji. Wọn lọ kuro ninu owo-ori nitori awọn ibajẹ ti o ju ohun ti shareholders fi sinu, tabi wọn lọ kuro ninu owo-ori nitori awọn creditors yọkuro ni iyara ju awọn ohun-ini le jẹ yi pada si owo. Keji le ṣẹlẹ si banki soluble laarin ọjọ kan.

Basel III ti fi awọn ijẹrisi pẹkipẹki meji kun lati daabobo ara wọn lodi si eewu yii. Awọn inawo-ifowopamọ ati awọn owo-ifowopamọ banki ti pari fọọmu naa nipa idinku awọn igbesẹ lati lọ ati pese aabo nigba ti awọn ọja ba pari.

Kini idi ti awọn banki ni o wa ni ifihan si liquidity eewu

A banki ti ìdíyelé ni diẹ ninu awọn igba kukuru. Igbakeji iroyin lọwọlọwọ le wa ni yọ kuro lori ibeere, ati wholesale owo-ori ni igbagbogbo matures laarin ọsẹ kan. rẹ ohun-ini ni diẹ ninu awọn igba pipẹ-akoko loans ti ko le wa ni ta lẹẹkansi ni kikun iye.

Iyipada yi ni iṣẹ-iṣowo ti banki, bi a ṣe sọ ninu nkan yii lori iṣeto owo. O tun jẹ idi ti o ba le padanu igbẹkẹle si run. Banki oni-nọmba ti pọju akoko ti run n mu, nitori awọn alabara le gbe awọn iṣiro lati foonu ni eyikeyi wakati.

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

The Basel Committee's LCR standard requires a bank to hold an adequate stock of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) that can be converted into cash to meet its liquidity needs for a 30-calendar-day stress scenario.

The ratio is the stock of HQLA divided by total net cash outflows over the next 30 days. Ti ko ba ni igba ti o ni aibalẹ nipa owo, o yẹ ki o ma jẹ kere ju 100%. Iwọnyi ni a ṣe lati 60% ni 2015 si 100% lori 1 January 2019.

Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ líǹkì tí o ní didara giga

HQLA ni a pin sinu awọn ipele, pẹlu awọn ibiti o ti wa ni awọn ipele didara kekere.

Àwọn ìpele	Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀	Àwọn àyọkà ìsàlẹ̀-ilà	Àwọn Ìgúnrégé
Àwọn ìpele 1	Owo-iwọle, awọn ipamọ banki ti a le yọ kuro ni irọra, ti o tọka si awọn ohun-ini ijọba	Kò ní	Kò ní aago
Àwọn ìpele 2A	Igbakeji Aare, Alakoso ati awọn aṣofin ti o ni igbẹkẹle diẹ sii ati ifowopamọ ile-iṣẹ lati pade awọn ipolowo ati awọn ibeere ọja	15%	Àwọn ìpelè 2 nínú àwọn ààtòjú 40% ti HQLA
Àwọn ìpele 2B	Awọn owo-ori ile-iṣẹ ti o ga julọ, awọn ohun-ini ati awọn iwe-ẹri ti a ṣe atilẹyin nipasẹ ipolowo ti o wa ni ile-iṣẹ lati pade awọn ibeere to lagbara	Gbogbogbo 50%	Nínú 15% ti HQLA, nínú 40%

Awọn iwọlé owo-iworo

Outflows tí a kọ́ nípa ìṣàmúlò-ètò run-off àwọn ìtàn fún irúfẹ̀ kọọkan tí ìmọ̀ràn. Àwọn ìtàn náà ń ṣàfihàn bí o ṣe lè jẹ́ pe gbogbo ààyè lórí ẹ̀yàn náà lágbára pamọ́ nínú ìròyìn.

Awọn iru owo	Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò
Stable retail deposits: fully insured, ati ni awọn iroyin iṣowo tabi pẹlu awọn ibatan ti a ṣeto	5%, tabi 3% nibi ti inawo ifowopamọ orilẹ-ede ba pade awọn ibeere afikun
Ó kùnà nínú àwọn ayẹ̀wò tí a fi pamọ́	10% tí a fi àwọn ẹ̀yàn ìjọba hàn
Àwọn ìpamọ́ iṣẹ́ láti inú ibatan ààyè-iṣẹ́, ìṣàfarawe-ọ̀kan tàbí ìṣakosó-ìwọ̀n	25%
Owo-ori ti ko ni aabo lati awọn ile-iṣẹ ti kii ṣe owo-owo, awọn ijọba, awọn banki agbegbe ati awọn ẹgbẹ olokiki	40%, tabi 20% ti o bá jẹ́ pé a ti fi igbẹkẹle papọ̀
Owo-ori ti ko ni aabo lati awọn ile-ẹjọ miiran, pẹlu awọn ile-iṣẹ owo	100%

Inflows lati ṣe awọn ohun-ini le offset outflows, sugbon nikan titi ti a aggregate cap ti 75% ti gbogbo ti o nireti outflows. A banki ko le pade awọn LCR purely nipa ireti rẹ ararẹ loans lati jẹ repaid.

The standard states that banks are expected to use their HQLA during a period of stress, even if the ratio then falls below 100%.

Ni ofin EU

EU fi LCR si Awọn nkan 412 ti Capital Requirements Regulation ati awọn ofin ti a gbekalẹ. Awọn nkan 412 nilo awọn ile-iṣẹ lati ni awọn ohun-ini ti o ni omi ti o da lori awọn iwọle ti o kere ju “awọn ipo ti o nira pupọ lori akoko ọjọ mẹtadinlogun”. Laarin Awọn nkan 414, ile-iṣẹ kan ti ko ṣe tabi ko ronu lati pade ibeere naa gbọdọ sọ fun oludari rẹ lẹẹkansii ati pe o le gbero atunse.

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

The LCR deals with a one-month stress. The NSFR deals with the structure of the entire balance sheet over one year. It requires available stable funding (ASF) to be at least 100% of required stable funding (RSF) on an ongoing basis, and it became a minimum standard by 1 January 2018 under the Basel timetable.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ fún gbogbo wọn ní fáìlì ASF tí n ṣàfihàn bí a ṣe lè fi pamọ́. Àwọn ohun-ini fún gbogbo wọn ní fáìlì RSF tí n ṣàfihàn bí a ṣe lè fi owò inú kọ̀ǹpútà pamọ́.

Awọn ẹtọ	Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ ASF
Àwọn ohun-ini àti àwọn ẹ̀yàn mìíràn nínú ìgbà tí a fi pamọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́	100%
Igbakeji Alakoso	95%
Igbakeji Alakoso	90%
Owo-ori ti o kere ju ọdun kan lọ lati awọn ile-iṣẹ ti ko ni owo ati awọn orisun miiran ti o wa lori ayelujara.	50%
Àwọn ẹ̀yàn mìíràn, àti ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí a fi pamọ́ nínú awọn ile-ifowopamọ́	0%

On the asset side, cash and central bank reserves need no stable funding, while illiquid long-term loans need a high proportion. A bank that funds 25-year mortgages with overnight wholesale borrowing will fail the NSFR even if its LCR looks healthy.

The EU applies the NSFR through CRR Articles 413 and 428b. Article 428b requires a ratio “of at least 100%” ati ki o fi kun wipe awọn ile-iṣẹ yẹ ki o tọju awọn profaili owo-ori ti wọn ifowopamọ ni gbogbogbo ni ibamu pẹlu eyi ti awọn ohun-ini wọn.

Ohun ti àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà tumọ̀ fún banki tuntun

Ìdákọ́ ìṣàmúlò-ètò ní àwọn ìṣẹ̀dá ìṣàmúlò-ètò. Ìdákọ̀ọ̀nù tí a fi pamọ́ nínú àwọn àwọn kọ̀ǹpútà ibaraẹnisọrọ náà jẹ́ àwọn run-off tí o gàjú jù lọ atí ASF tí o gàjù jù lọ. Ìdákọ̀ọ̀nù tí a fi pamọ́ nínú àwọn pánẹ́ẹ̀lì ìparápọ̀ kò lè sọ̀rọ̀ nípa àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò ìṣàfarawé.
Awọn idogo lati awọn alabaṣiṣẹpọ fintech ati awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-ori jẹ idiyele ni awọn ofin ti awọn ohun-ini. Laarin LCR, awọn owo-ori ti ko ni aabo lati awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-ori n mu 100% run-off ti o ba jẹ pe o ni ẹtọ bi iṣẹ.
Awọn ohun ti o ni ibatan si awọn ratios. Awọn oludari tun wo ni igbẹkẹle lori diẹ ninu awọn oludokoowo nla tabi ọna asopọ idasilẹ kan.
Awọn ohun-ini ti a fi pamọ́ ní owó kan. Awọn ohun-ini ti a fi pamọ́ kò lè gbà jú awọn owó ifowopamọ́ lọ, bẹ́ẹ̀ nínú àwọn ibeere ti a fi pamọ́ nínú ìṣẹ̀dá iṣẹ́ nínú àká-iṣẹ́.
Awọn iyatọ owo-iworo nilo iṣẹ́ wọn. Bankẹ̀ kan ti o nfi owo-iworo kan pamọ́ ki o si gba awọn akojopo nínú mìíràn yẹ̀ ki o kọ̀ọ̀kan ló jẹ́ ẹ̀yàn.

Awọn oludari tun nireti lati ṣe ayẹwo igbẹkẹle ti awọn owo-iworo inu, eto ifowopamọ ti o wa pẹlu awọn iṣe ti a gbiyanju, ati iwadii ojoojumọ ti awọn owo-iworo laarin ọjọ fun awọn banki ti o ṣe alabapin si awọn eto isanwo.

Àwọn Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀

Deposit insurance reduces the incentive to run by assuring smaller depositors that they will be repaid even if the bank fails. It is funded by contributions from member banks.

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	EUR 100,000 lori awọn idogo aggregate, pẹlu aabo igba pipẹ ti o ga julọ pe awọn orilẹ-ede ẹgbẹ gbọdọ ṣe agbekalẹ fun awọn idogo kan, gẹgẹbi awọn ti o wa lati awọn iṣowo ohun-ini ile-iṣẹ.	Directive 2014/49/EU
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	£120,000 lati 1 Oṣù Kejìlá 2025	FSCS

Awọn ofin EU nilo awọn eto lati mu iye ti o le san pada wa laarin ọjọ iṣẹ mẹta, lẹhin akoko iyipada ti n lọ titi di 31 December 2023. IADI Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems, ti a ṣe atunyẹwo ni Oṣu kọkanla ọdun 2025, eyiti IMF ati Banki Agbaye lo ninu awọn iṣiro agbegbe owo.

A banki tuntun yẹ ki o pọ si awọn eto ti ile-ẹjọ rẹ ṣaaju ki o to mu awọn idogo ti a daabobo. O gbọdọ tun jẹ ki o le ṣe agbejade alaye ti o tọka si ni iyara, nitorinaa pe eto naa le sanwo kuro ninu akoko to kẹhin ti ofin. Iṣẹ yii jẹ apakan ti iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ti awọn oludari ṣe atunyẹwo.

LCR àwọn líǹkì lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ sí ìpamọ́ àìdajọ. Àìdajọ náà ní pàtó tí o bá jẹ́ àìdajọ́ láti inú ẹ̀yàn tí a lò nípa àwọn ìṣàfarawe-ẹ̀yàn àìdajọ́ náà, àti tí o bá padé àwọn ààyè-ètò kọ̀ǹpútà ìrísí-lẹ́tà tàbí àwọn ààyè-ètò ibaraẹnísọrọ. Àwọn ìpéjúwe Basel sọ pé àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ ìpamọ́ àìdajọ kò lè jẹ́ pẹ̀lú àìdajọ́.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́

Central banks provide liquidity to banks against collateral. This is the oldest part of the safety net, and its design differs by jurisdiction.

Ninu agbegbe Euro, awọn banki ni iraye si awọn iṣẹ ofin owo-ori ti o wọpọ nipasẹ Eurosystem. Lẹhin eyi, ECB ṣalaye iranlọwọ iyọkuro ẹru (ELA) bi owo banki nla ti a fun nipasẹ awọn banki nla orilẹ-ede "si awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-ori ti o wa ni ibatan pẹlu awọn iṣoro iyọkuro akoko, ni ita awọn iṣẹ ofin owo-ori ti o wọpọ ti Eurosystem".

ECB Governing Council lè fi ìdájọ́ sí ibi tí ELA lè̀ ṣe àkókò nípa àwọn ìdí ati àwọn iṣẹ́ ti Eurosystem. Àkọsílẹ̀ ELA lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ jẹ́ láti Oṣù Kejìlá 2024.

Ni United Kingdom, the Bank of England's toolkit includes a Short-Term Repo facility, an Indexed Long-Term Repo, a contingent term repo facility activated in market-wide stress, and the Discount Window Facility. The Discount Window is a bilateral, on-demand facility for firms that anticipate or experience an unexpected liquidity need.

Àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ ààyè-iṣẹ́ banki ìdáràn

Eligibility. Ni gbogbogbo, banki ti a fọwọsi labẹ idari ti o dara julọ, pẹlu akọọlẹ banki nla kan.
Collateral. Central banks lend only against eligible collateral, with haircuts. Loans must be pre-positioned and legally ready before they are needed.
Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò. Ààyè àkọsílẹ̀ àti ààyè ìṣàmúlò-ètò yẹ̀ ki o wa nínú àwọn àkókò ajọṣepọ̀ lórí àwọn àkókò tí a fẹ́.
Ìdájọ́. Ìdájọ́ tí a ṣe fún àwọn ile-iṣẹ́ tí a dájọ́. O kò bá yipadà sí owó.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí a fi pamọ́

Kini awọn oludokoowo ti yoo sanwo fun banki ni ọdun mẹta akọkọ rẹ, ati bi o ṣe le yọ kuro ni iyara?
Kini ipin ninu awọn idogo ti o ni aabo, iṣowo ati ibasepọ-da lori?
Igba wo ni HQLA yoo wa, ninu iru owo wo ni, ati ibi wo ni?
Kini idi ti a fi ṣe eto ifowopamọ ni ọjọ kan, ọjọ mẹta ati ọjọ mẹrinlelogun?
Kini awọn ohun elo banki ti banki le lo, ati pe boya o ti ṣetan fun wọn?

Akọsilẹ to n bọ yoo lọ lati awọn ofin ti iwe iṣiro si awọn eniyan ti o ṣakoso banki: iṣakoso ati awọn ibeere ti o tọ ati ti o tọ.

Sources(8)

Basel Committee: Basel III: The Liquidity Coverage Ratio and liquidity risk monitoring tools (January 2013) · checked 2026-10-07
Basel Committee: Basel III: The Net Stable Funding Ratio (October 2014) · checked 2026-10-07
Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (Capital Requirements Regulation), consolidated text, Articles 412, 413 and 428b · checked 2026-10-07
Directive 2014/49/EU on deposit guarantee schemes · checked 2026-10-07
Financial Services Compensation Scheme: Banks, building societies and credit unions · checked 2026-10-07
International Association of Deposit Insurers: Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems · checked 2026-10-07
European Central Bank: Emergency liquidity assistance · checked 2026-10-07
Bank of England: Market operations guide, our tools · checked 2026-10-07

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