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Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí a fi pamọ́ nípa bí banki ṣe n ṣe owò

Bawo ni ifowopamọ banki ṣe ṣẹda awọn sisanwo, ohun ti awọn ibeere ipamọ n ṣe loni, ati idi ti owo-ori ju awọn ipamọ lọ le fa iye ti banki le san.

8 min ka · Ṣàfikún 2026-10-07 · 6 àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Kekere

01Nígbà tí banki bá ṣé igbẹ́rọ, ò fi àwọn owò inú kọ̀ǹpútà tí a gbà nínú rẹ̀ pamọ́. Àwọn owò ìsàlẹ̀-ilà tí a lò nínú ekónómì móòdù lò ní ọna yìí.
02Awọn banki ko le gbe awọn ipamọ wọn lọ si awọn alabara, ati pe multiplier owo iwe-ẹkọ ko ṣe apejuwe bi a ṣe yan lati gba owo.
03Awọn iwulo ipamọ ni a ṣe yatọ si pupọ: 0% ni United States lati Oṣu kọkanla ọdun 2020, 1% ni agbegbe euro lati Oṣu kejila ọdun 2012, ko si ni United Kingdom, 3% ni India.
04Awọn ofin ti o ni ibatan si awọn owo-ori jẹ awọn anfani, awọn eewu, awọn ofin aabo lori owo-iworo ati awọn ohun-ini, ati eto owo.

The phrase "fractional reserve banking" suggests a simple picture. Savers deposit cash, the bank keeps a fraction in reserve, and it lends out the rest. That picture is still common in textbooks and in some license business plans.

Central banks have described the process differently for more than a decade. Fàyèmú ìṣàfihàn tuntun náà jẹ́ nkaǹkan fun ẹnikẹni ti o n ṣe àwòrán banki kan, nitorí pé o sọ̀rọ̀ ohun tí awọn ẹ̀yàra náà fi hàn: owo-ori, ìdíyelé àtí ifowopamọ́, kò sí igbẹkẹlé.

Bí a ṣe lè ṣẹ̀dá àwọn ìpamọ́

Ifihan ti o han gbangba julọ ni nkan 2014 ti Bank of England Iṣelọpọ owo ninu eto-ọrọ lọwọlọwọ. O sọ pe: "Nigbati banki kan ba ṣe ifowopamọ, o n ṣẹda idogo ti o tọka si ni akọọlẹ banki ti oludokoowo naa, ati pe o n ṣẹda owo tuntun."

Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò jẹ́ àkọsílẹ̀. Banki náà kọ̀ọ̀kan ààyè-iṣẹ́ tuntun, àti àwọn ẹ̀yàn tuntun, àwọn apamọ́ tí a fi pamọ́ fún ẹniti n gba owo.

Kò ní àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò tí wa níbẹ̀ tí a yọ̀kù. Ààyè náà láti inú ẹ̀yàn náà, àti pé o lọ sí àwọn kọ̀ǹpútà mìíràn, nígbà kan nínú banki mìíràn.

A balance sheet ti o rọrun ṣafihan ipa ti owo-ori tuntun ti 100 si alabara iṣowo.

Agbègbè	Awọn ohun-ini banki	Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Àwọn owó tí a fi pamọ́ fún gbogbo eniyan
Awọn ọjọ ṣaaju ifowopamọ	Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ Tí Wa	Àwọn ìpamọ́ tí wa nílẹ̀ náà	Kò yipada
A ti kọ́ ẹ̀yàn	Lọ́nà fún ààyè-iṣẹ́ +100	+100	+100
Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ náà gbá owó nínú banki mìíràn	Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ nínú banki ìtàn -100	Ìdírẹ̀sì -100	Kò yipada nínú gbogbo; àwọn ìpamọ́ náà tí wọ́n sí nínú ile-ifowopamọ́ olupese náà
Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Àwọn àgbéwọlé -100	Ìdírẹ̀sì -100	-100

Àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn kẹ́tà ní ohun tí o yẹ fún banki kan. Owò tí a kọ̀ láti inú ilé-ifowopamọ̀ náà kù nínú ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà, ṣugbọn o fi banki tí n gba owò lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ pẹ̀lú àwọn ẹ̀yàn rẹ̀.

Àkọlé kejì náà sọ́rọ̀wọ́ àwọn ìṣàfarawe-ìgbà. Tí ẹnití o gba owó kọ́ọ̀kan lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá ṣé pàṣẹ́, a tí fi pamọ́ nípá ẹ̀yàn tí a lò lati pàṣẹ́ rẹ̀ jẹ́, ki o si jẹ́ pèlú owò. Bankì tun sàgbèrè owò nigba tí wọn bá ràwò awọn ohun-ini bí bóntí ijọba láti inú bankì mìíràn, àtí tí wọn bá yọ̀kúrò jú lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ nígbà tí bankì mìíràn bá ráwòọ̀kan lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.

Awọn itumọ-ṣiṣe meji ti Bank of England ṣe atunṣe

Àkọlé náà ṣàfihàn àwọn ìṣàfarawé meji tí a lo:

Banks as pure intermediaries. “Nitori pe awọn banki n gba awọn idogo nigbati awọn ile-iṣẹ ba tọju ati lẹhinna fi wọn silẹ, ifowopamọ banki ṣe agbekalẹ awọn idogo.”
Awọn owo multiplier. “Ni awọn igba ti o wọpọ, awọn banki iwaju ko ni ṣatunṣe iye ti owo ni igbimọ, tabi awọn owo banki iwaju ‘apọju soke’ si diẹ ẹ sii loans ati deposits.”

O fi kun pe awọn ipamọ "le nikan ni lati wa laarin awọn banki, nitori awọn olumulo ko ni iraye si awọn iroyin ipamọ" ni banki apapọ. Awọn alabara tọju awọn idogo, eyiti o jẹ awọn ibeere lori awọn banki iṣowo. Banki tọju awọn ipamọ, eyiti o jẹ awọn ibeere lori banki apapọ.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ jẹ́ àwọn ìpamọ́ tí a fi pamọ́ nínú ile-ifowopamọ́. Àwọn náà ń dá owò lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ laarin ile-ifowopamọ́: nigba ti ẹnikẹ́ni bá sanwo fun ẹnikan nínú ile-ifowopamọ́ mìíràn, ile-ifowopamọ́ tí n pàyàlẹ̀ láti gbé àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ sí ile-ifowopamọ́ tí n gba.

A banki kan ti o lodi si lends nibẹ ni yoo padanu idogo ati awọn ipamọ si awọn banki miiran bi awọn oludokoowo ṣe gbero. O yẹ ki o gba awọn idogo tabi awọn owo-ori miiran lati yi wọn pada, tabi tọju awọn ohun-ini ti o to lati dapọ awọn iwọle. Eyi ni idi ti awọn owo-ori ati awọn owo-ori, kii ṣe iwọn ti igbimọ ipamọ ni ibẹrẹ, ṣe apẹrẹ bi ọpọlọpọ bank kan le lodi si.

Fun awọn eto bi gbogbo, Bank of England sọ pe "ko si awọn ipamọ ti o ni igbẹkẹle lori fifunni, ati pe banki apapọ ko ṣe idiwọ iye ti awọn ipamọ ti o wa". Ni igba deede, awọn banki apapọ ṣe agbekalẹ idiyele ti awọn ipamọ, owo-ori owo-ori, ati pese iye ti awọn banki beere fun ni iye naa.

Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò àìṣe

A iwulo ipamọ gba awọn banki lati wa ni ti o kere ju balance ni banki central, ti a ṣe iṣiro bi kan ipin ogorun ti diẹ ninu awọn owo-ori. The Bank of England ri wipe awọn iwulo ipamọ "ni ko kan pataki ojuami ti owo ofin frameworks ni ọpọlọpọ awọn idagbasoke economy loni". Awọn ibeere tun wa ni ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede, ni ipele ti o yatọ pupọ.

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Ìyàn	Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀
United States	0% lori gbogbo awọn adehun lati ọjọ 26 Oṣù Kejìlá 2020	Federal Reserve
Agbegbe Euro	1% lori awọn ifowopamọ ati awọn ifowopamọ, awọn ohun-ini ti o ni owo ati iwe ọja owo titi di ọdun meji, lati ọjọ 18 Oṣù Kejìlá 2012; 0% lori awọn akoko pipẹ	ECB
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Kò ní ìṣàfarawé àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́	Bank of England
Ìnda	Iwọn ifunni owo-ori ti 3.00%, ni ibamu pẹlu iwuwo owo-ori ti a fọwọsi ti 18.00%.	Reserve Bank of India

The euro area figures show that a requirement can be low and unremunerated at the same time. The ECB shows a remuneration rate of 0% on minimum reserves for the current maintenance period. Where a requirement exists, it is a cost of doing business in that jurisdiction and a factor in funding plans, but it is rarely what limits a new bank’s growth.

Ohun ti o yẹ fun banki tuntun

Banki kan nilo lati ni iwọle si akọọlẹ banki kan, taara tabi nipasẹ ile-iṣẹ miiran, lati ni awọn ipamọ ti o nilo.
Awọn ipamọ ti o wa ni awọn iṣẹ-ṣiṣe lilọsiwaju ninu awoṣe ifunni owo.
Ninu ibi ti awọn ipamọ ko ni owo-ori, wọn ṣe idinku iye owo-owo lori awọn idogo ti o mu wọn lọ.
Awọn iwulo ati awọn owo-ori le yipada, nitorinaa awọn eto iṣowo yẹ ki o ṣayẹwo awọn ayipada miiran.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́

Banki ti Ilu Gẹgẹ bi a ti mọ pe o ni awọn eto mẹta ti awọn ofin lori iṣeto owo nipasẹ awọn banki.

1. Awọn ibiti o ti wa ni awọn banki wọn

Banks yẹ ki o gba owo-ori ninu ọja ti o ni ifẹ. Gbogbo owo-ori tuntun n gbe eewu owo-ori, ati pe banki gbọdọ ṣe idiyele fun awọn ipalara ti a rii daju ati tọju owo-ori lodi si awọn ti ko rii daju. O tun nilo lati ṣakoso eewu owo-ori ti o waye nigbati awọn sisanwo tuntun ti a ṣẹda lọ fun awọn banki miiran.

Ni oke ti awọn ofin iṣowo wọnyi wa ni iṣakoso iduroṣinṣin. Akọsilẹ naa sọ pe eto-ọrọ iṣakoso ṣe idiwọ awọn iṣẹ banki "nitori lati dinku idagbasoke ti awọn eewu ti o le jẹ ikọlu si iduroṣinṣin ti eto owo", pẹlu nipasẹ awọn ibeere lori owo ati ifigagbaga.

2. Iṣe ti awọn ile-iṣẹ ati awọn ile-iṣẹ

Awọn eniyan ti o gba awọn idogo tuntun le lo wọn lati sanwo pada awọn owo-ori ti o wa tẹlẹ, eyiti o pa awọn owo pada. Akoko ti owo da lori awọn aṣayan wọnyi bi daradara bi awọn ipinnu ifowopamọ banki.

3 Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

Ninu nkan naa, a n pe eto owo ni "igbakeji ti o kẹhin lori iṣeto owo". Nipa fifi iye owo-ori silẹ lori awọn ipamọ, banki agbegbe ṣe ipa lori awọn idiyele owo-ori ati ibeere fun owo-ori.

Kini idi ti owo-ori, ko si awọn ipamọ, ni igbẹkẹle

Capital is the loss-absorbing funding provided by shareholders and certain subordinated investors. Every new loan increases risk-weighted assets, and every increase in risk-weighted assets requires more capital to keep regulatory ratios above minimums.

Ninu EU, Akọsilẹ 92 ti Awọn ibeere Ipinle beere fun awọn ile-iṣẹ lati ṣetọju ni gbogbo igba Common Equity Tier 1 ratio ti 4.5%, Tier 1 ratio ti 6%, total capital ratio ti 8% ati leverage ratio ti 3%.

A apẹẹrẹ ti o rọrun fihan ipa naa. Fẹ lati sọ pe ifowopamọ banki kan n gbe iwuwo ibajẹ apapọ ti 100% ati pe banki nilo iye owo gbogbogbo ti 12% nigba ti awọn buffers ati awọn addons wa ni pẹlu.

Gbogbo àwọn 100 àtí ẹ̀yàn mìíràn mìíràn tí wọ́n fẹ́ nígbà yìí niló 12 ààyè-iṣẹ́. Banki kan pẹlú 60 ààyè-iṣẹ́ mìíràn mìíràn nínú ohun tí a beere lè fi 500 ààyè-iṣẹ́ mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn

Àwọn ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀-ètò tí a fi pamọ́ ṣàfihàn ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí a fi pamọ́ nínú ẹ̀yàn kejì. Bankẹ̀ kan gbọdọ̀ ní ohun-ini ti a fi pamọ́ nínú ẹ̀yàn kejì to bá jẹ́ pé o lè pa ìfẹ́ 30-ọ̀jọ̀ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ atí pé o yẹ̀ ki o gba owo fun nǹkan tí a fi pamọ́ nínú ẹ̀yàn kejì náà pẹlú owo-ifowopamọ́ tòsílẹ̀. Àwọn ibeerè yìí ní a sọ nínú àkọlé nípa ohun-ini ti a fi pamọ́ nínú ẹ̀yàn náà àtí owo-ifowopamọ́.

Itumọ fun awọn onkọwe ati awọn oniṣowo

Pẹ̀lú ìgbàgbọ́. Ìwé ìdíyelé tí bankì lè kọ̀ ni a pinnù nípa ìdíyelé tí ó ni àti ìdíyelé tí ó lè gba, lẹ́yìn ti o bà fi ìṣẹ́gun-ìbẹrẹ lọ.
Ìṣàmúlò-ètò ìpamọ́ nínú àìdajọ́. Àìdajọ́ tí a kọ̀ lọ́wọ́ báǹkì nígbà tí àwọn onínọmbà náà fi wọ́ wọn, bẹ́ẹ̀ bàǹkì ní ìbára ìmọ̀ràn ìpamọ́ to lagbara.
Gbogbo àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò résító bíi ààyè-iṣẹ́. Wọ́n jẹ́ nǹkan kan fún ààyè-iṣẹ́ àti àwọn iṣẹ́, kò níbí bí ìgbà tí a bá fi pẹ̀lú ìgbàdúrò.
A nireti pe awọn oludari yoo ṣe idanwo eto naa labẹ ipalara. Awọn alaṣẹ ṣe ayẹwo boya owo-ori ati iye owo ti wa ni ipamọ ti o ba jẹ pe idagbasoke, awọn ibajẹ tabi awọn ifẹhinti ti n lọ kuro ninu ọran ipilẹ.

Akọsilẹ to n bọ sọ bi owo-ori ofin ṣe ṣalaye ati ṣe iṣiro ni ibamu si eto Basel.

Sources(6)

Bank of England: Money creation in the modern economy, Quarterly Bulletin 2014 Q1 · checked 2026-10-07
European Central Bank: Minimum reserves · checked 2026-10-07
European Central Bank: How to calculate the minimum reserve requirements · checked 2026-10-07
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System: Reserve requirements · checked 2026-10-07
Reserve Bank of India: current rates and reserve ratios · checked 2026-10-07
Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (Capital Requirements Regulation), consolidated text, Article 92 · checked 2026-10-07

Àkóónú nikan, kò jẹ́ ofin, owo-ori àwòrán. Àjọṣepọ̀ ìforúkọsílẹ̀.