Àwọn Ìwé-ẹ̀rí Banki

Tí a bà rá banki: ìyipadà nínú àwọn ohun-ini tí a lè lò

Bawo ni a ṣe fọwọsi awọn ohun-ini ti awọn banki ati awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-iworo ti o ni iwe-aṣẹ: awọn ohun-ini ti o ni ẹtọ, CRD Awọn nkan 22 si 27, awọn akoko, iwadii to yẹ ati awọn igbimọ bulu.

10 min ka · Ṣatunkọ 2026-10-07 · 11 orisun

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Kekere

01Ṣiṣere 10% tabi diẹ sii ti banki kan, tabi gba ipa pataki, nilo ijẹrisi iṣaaju ti oludari; rira iwe-aṣẹ ko ṣe idiwọ atunyẹwo iru iwe-aṣẹ.
02Ninu EU, oludari naa ni ọjọ iṣẹ 60 lati ifiranṣẹ ti o pari, pẹlu awọn idiwọ ti o to ọjọ iṣẹ 20 tabi 30.
03Supervisors ṣe ayẹwo awọn ofin mẹta: igbẹkẹle ti oludokoowo, awọn oniṣowo tuntun, iduroṣinṣin owo-wiwọle, ifamọra aabo banki ni ọjọ iwaju ati rirọpo owo.
04Awọn orisun owo yẹ ki o jẹ ti a le tẹle nipasẹ awọn ile-iṣẹ ifowopamọ ti a ṣe abojuto pada si oriṣi rẹ; owo-ori ti a gba ni igbẹkẹle.
05Ìjánu-ìróyìn tí a kò lò, àwọn ìlàyè-iṣẹ́ tí a kò lò atí 'àjọ-ẹ̀yàn láti inú kọ̀ǹpútà banki' ní àwọn fáàsì àwọ̀, kii ṣe àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀.

Ti o ba ti o ba wa ni kan bank tabi a ofin owo ile-iṣẹ le jẹ siwaju sii yara ju ki o si kọ ọkan, sugbon o ko je kan ọna ni ayika awọn oludari. Ni gbogbo nla owo ilu, awọn onibara ti a idogo pataki gbọdọ gba awọn aṣẹ ti awọn supervisor ṣaaju ki o to dahun, ati awọn onibara ti a wo bi nibẹ ni o kere bi a lẹwa bi a tuntun iwe-aṣẹ ohun elo.

Oju-iwe yi sọ EU framework ni alaye, nitori o jẹ ti o tobi julọ, ati pe o ṣe afiwe rẹ pẹlu UK, Hong Kong ati Switzerland. Iṣẹ kanna wa fun awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-ẹya, awọn ile-iṣẹ isanwo, awọn ile-iṣẹ idoko-owo ati awọn insurers, pẹlu awọn ayipada agbegbe kan pato.

Ìgbà tí a fi ṣẹ̀dà

Itumọ ipilẹ ni awọn ohun-ini ti o tọka si: awọn ohun-ini ti a ṣe deede tabi ti ko tọka pe o jẹ 10% tabi diẹ sii ti owo-ori tabi awọn ẹtọ idibo ti ile-iṣẹ owo, tabi pe o jẹ ki o ṣeeṣe lati ṣe ipa pataki lori iṣakoso rẹ.

Labẹ Awọn nkan 22 ti Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), ẹnikẹni ti o ti yan lati gba ohun-ini ti o ni ẹtọ ninu ile-iṣẹ ifowopamọ kan, tabi lati faagun rẹ ki o to de tabi kọja 20%, 30% tabi 50%, tabi ki banki naa di ọmọ ẹgbẹ rẹ, gbọdọ sọ fun ijọba ti o ni ẹtọ ni kika ni iṣaaju. Awọn idiwọ ati awọn idinku labẹ awọn ipele wọnyi gbọdọ tun jẹ akiyesi ni ibamu si Awọn nkan 25, ati pe awọn banki gbọdọ ṣalaye awọn ayipada ti wọn ṣe akiyesi ni ibamu si Awọn nkan 26.

The Payment Services Directive (Article 6) applies the same thresholds to payment institutions and refers back to the CRD for the information required. Investment firms and insurers follow parallel rules, and all three sectors share one set of Joint Guidelines issued by the EBA, EIOPA and ESMA (JC/GL/2016/01), which have applied since 1 October 2017.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ indirect atí iṣẹ́ nípa

Iṣẹ́dà jẹ́ tí a fẹ̀ ni gbogbo ààye tí ẹ̀yàn ìmọ̀ràn, kii ṣe fun ile-iṣẹ́ kan nikan tí o fi pamọ́ ifowosowopó ráwọ́lẹ̀. Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò pánẹ́ẹ̀lì kọ̀ǹpútà náà ló àwọn idanwó meji:

Ìgbèré àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò. Ẹnikẹni tí ó bá kọ̀ǹpútà kan tí o ní ìmọ̀rọ̀ pẹ̀lú ìmọ̀rọ̀ tí a fọwọ́sì jẹ́ bí ilé-ìmọ̀rọ̀ náà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.
Àwọn ìṣàfarawé àwọn ìpéwọ̀n. Ààyè tí kò bá jẹ́ ìròyìn, àwọn ààtò kọ̀ǹpútà nínú ẹ̀yàn náà tí a fi pọ̀jú; tí àwọn ààtò bá jẹ́ 10% tàbí diẹ́ jú lọ, àwọn àgbèkalẹ̀ tí a kò lè gbà ní pàtó.

The ECB's Guide on qualifying holding procedures states that in multi-layer structures "all indirect proposed acquirers for each layer" must notify individually, with no exception for intermediate holding companies. People acting in concert, for example under a shareholders' agreement on voting, have their holdings aggregated.

Tí a bà yan

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Awọn alaṣẹ tí a fọwọ́sì	Awọn ipilẹ ofin
Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Euro	ECB, lori àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò láti inú alábòójútó náà	CRD Àwọn àkọlé 22 sí 27 àti SSM Àjọṣe
Banki EU miran ati awọn ile-iṣẹ owo	Awọn alaṣẹ orilẹ-ede ti o ni ẹtọ	CRD, PSD2, MiFID II, Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ II bí a tí gbé
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	PRA fún àwọn ile-iṣẹ́ tí a fọwọ́sì lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́; FCA fún àwọn ile-iṣẹ́ tí a fọwọ́sì lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́	FSMA Part XII (ẹ̀yàn 178 ìforúkọsílẹ̀)
Hong Kong	HKMA, fún àwọn ile-iṣẹ́ tí a fọwọ́sì ní pàtó	Banking Ordinance section 70
Switzerland	FINMA	Aṣẹ Banki, awọn ofin ifowosowopo ti o ni ẹtọ

Ninu agbegbe euro, ECB ṣe ipinnu lori awọn ohun-ini ti o ni ẹtọ ninu gbogbo awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-iworo, pẹlu awọn banki ti o kere ju ti o ko ba ṣakoso taara. Oju opo wẹẹbu awọn iwe-aṣẹ rẹ sọ pe akoko ayẹwo bi ọjọ iṣẹ 60, ti o le pọ si to 90.

Agbègbè

CRD náà fi àkóónú ìṣàmúlò-ètò kan hàn, tí àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ aládúrójútó kò lè mú dín:

Àkọ́kọ́. Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ gbàgbọ̀ pé a tì kọ́ nínú àwọn ọjọ́ iṣẹ́ mejì náà, àtì sọ̀rọ̀ ìṣẹ̀dà tí àkókò ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà yoò kù.
Assessment period. The supervisor has a maximum of 60 working days from that acknowledgement, provided all required documents were attached.
Information requests. Up to the 50th working day, the supervisor may request further information. Aago náà tí wa ní pàtó titi àwọn ìjánu-ìrò bá de, fun àwọn ọjọ́ iṣẹ́ 20.
Extended suspension. The suspension can be extended to 30 working days where the acquirer is situated or regulated outside the EU, or is not itself subject to EU financial supervision.
Decision. Ti o bà jẹ́ pé agbẹ̀jọro náà kò fẹ́, o nì gbọdọ̀ sọ̀rọ̀ bẹ̀ẹ̀ nínú àwọn ọjọ́ iṣẹ́ meji tí a fi parí ìṣàfarawe-ọ̀rọ̀, pẹlú àwọn idì. Ti o bà jẹ́ pé a kò fẹ́ nínú àwọn igba naà, ò lè ró pé a fọwọ́sì ìjáde náà.
Ìparí. Ààyè-iṣẹ́ náà lè fi àwọn ìgbà pípẹ̀ jù lọ tí a gbọdọ̀ parí ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ nínú rẹ̀.

Ni awọn iṣe, aago bẹrẹ nikan nigbati faili ba pari, ati pe fifi sori ẹrọ faili ti o pari fun oludokoowo ti o nira le gba awọn oṣu. ECB ṣe iwuri fun awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ iṣaaju-iforukọsilẹ "lati ṣalaye awọn ibeere alaye, awọn akoko ati bi o ṣe le jiroro awọn iṣoro iṣakoso ti o ṣeeṣe ni igba akọkọ ninu ilana."

Ninu UK, PRA tun ni 60 ọjọ iṣẹ lati gbagbọ ifiranṣẹ ti o pari lati fowo si, fowo si pẹlu awọn ipo tabi ṣe ileri lati dahun. PRA sọ pe fifipamọ ile-iṣẹ tuntun kan nilo ifowosi ṣaaju paapaa ti oluṣakoso to kẹhin ko ba yipada, ati pe rira tabi dinku iṣakoso laisi ifowosi jẹ ẹtọ ẹjọ labẹ apakan 191F ti FSMA.

Ohun tí olùdárà náà fi àwọn ìṣàfarawé

CRD Akọsilẹ 23 ṣe awọn ipo mẹta, eyiti o jẹ ki oludari naa lo "ni iranti si ipa ti o ṣeeṣe ti oludokoowo ti a yan":

Awọn ìṣàfarawe-ẹ̀yàn	Ohun tí o tumọ̀ nínú ìṣàfarawé
(a) Reputation of the acquirer	Iṣẹ́ rere, ijẹrisí ẹ̀kọ́ atí ajọṣepọ̀, àtí iṣẹ́ to dara.
(b) Ìṣàmúlò-ètò tuntun	Iṣẹ́, ìmọ̀, ìmọ̀ atí irirì ti ẹnikẹni to bá jẹ́ adari banki nípa iṣẹ́ naa
(c) Iṣẹ-ṣiṣe owo	Bó o ti lè gba owó fun iṣẹ́ náà nígbà tí a bá fi banki pamọ́
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Tí banki náà yoò tẹlé àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò tí a fẹ́, ààyè-iṣẹ́, àjọṣepọ̀ àti ààyè-iṣẹ́ àwọn ẹgbẹ
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Tí o bà ní àwọn ìṣàfarawe-ètò tí a lè ró pé ML/TF, tàbí pé ibaraẹnisọrọ náà lè mú ààyè-iṣẹ́ náà pọ̀ jú lọ

Àkọlé 23 nígbàyàn ààyè-iṣẹ́ náà. O le ṣe igbẹkẹle nikan lori awọn idi ti o tọ labẹ awọn ipo wọnyi tabi nitori pe alaye naa ko pari, ati pe o le ma ṣayẹwo adehun ni awọn ofin ti "awọn aini eto-ọrọ ti ọja".

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

Nibi ti awọn onibara yoo ṣakoso banki, the ECB nireti a iṣowo eto pẹlu projected financial statements "fun o kere ju mẹta ọdun lẹhin ti o ti wa ni igbega acquisition". The Joint Guidelines sọ pe owo-ori ti o gba ko ni ara wọn ṣe acquirer unsuitable, sugbon awọn supervisor yoo wo boya awọn owo-wiwọle mu ki o darapọ mọ acquirer tabi agbara ti banki lati pade awọn ibeere prudential.

The ECB jẹ diẹ sii ti a tọka si nipa leverage. O fun "iranti pataki" lati gba debt, nitori ti awọn eewu pe awọn oniwe-owo tuntun yoo mu ipolongo ibajẹ banki tabi yọ dividends lati iṣẹ ti o debt.

Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ owó

Àwọn àgbèkalẹ́ ìṣẹ̀dàn (paragraph 14.5) tí wọ́n fi kọ́ nípa ìdíyelé fun owò tí a lò nínú ibaraẹnisọrọ náà.

awọn owo-ori lọ nipasẹ awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-iworo ti o wa ni ibamu pẹlu AML iṣakoso to munadoko ni EU tabi ni awọn orilẹ-ede ti o lo awọn ipo FATF;
ifihan nipa bi owo-ori ti a fi ṣe agbekalẹ ṣe jẹ igbẹkẹle ati pe o ni ibamu pẹlu iye adehun naa; ati
awọn owo-ori ni “a ko ti daduro iwe irinna pada si wọn oriṣi”, tabi alaye miiran ti o ṣe atunṣe awọn ireti nipa wọn oriṣi ofin.

Awọn ọna asopọ si awọn ẹjọ lori FATF tabi EU awọn atokọ ti o ga-ibajẹ n beere fun akiyesi pataki, ati awọn oludari le ṣe afihan adehun kan nibiti ọrọ naa nfunni ni awọn ipilẹ to tọ lati ronu pe o pọju ibajẹ ML / TF paapaa laisi iwe-ẹri iwa ọdaran eyikeyi.

Awọn ipo atí awọn ifẹ́

The ECB also accepts commitments from acquirers, such as maintaining the capital ratios of the bank or providing liquidity support. The HKMA generally requires all controllers of locally incorporated banks to give a letter of comfort committing to provide capital or liquidity support in case of need.

Iyatọ awọn ẹjọ

Hong Kong. The HKMA approves controllers of locally incorporated authorized institutions under section 70 of the Banking Ordinance, distinguishing minority shareholder controllers (10% to 50% of voting rights) from majority controllers. Its stated policy is that a person intending to hold 50% or more should generally be “a well established bank or other supervised financial institution in good standing”.
Switzerland. Awọn ayipada ninu awọn alabapin ti o ni ẹtọ gbọdọ wa ni afihan si FINMA, ati pe banki kan ti o di awọn orilẹ-ede ajeji ti a ṣe iṣakoso gbọdọ ṣafihan awọn ẹtọ ibalopọ ni awọn orilẹ-ede nibiti awọn alabapin rẹ ti o ni ẹtọ jẹ domicile.
Banks EU bi awọn burandi. Lẹhin ti ayipada CRD (Directive (EU) 2024/1619) ni ipa, banki EU ti n ṣe agbekalẹ lati ra ohun elo ti o wa ni ipamọ, ti a ṣalaye bi 15% tabi diẹ sii ti owo-ori rẹ ti o ni ẹtọ, gbọdọ tun sọ fun oludari rẹ tẹlẹ labẹ nkan tuntun 27a, pẹlu iwadi ọjọ iṣẹ 60 kan.

Àwọn Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀

Igbàgbọ́lẹ̀ nínú ofin nínú iṣẹ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ nikan. Ojú-iṣẹ́ tun niló lati mọ́ ohun tí o n gba. Àwọn ààyè kaǹ nínú awọn ibi-ìjáde tí a fọwọ́sí ni:

License scope. Àwọn ìgbàjójútó tí a ní, àwọn ìdájọ́ fún àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ mìíràn mìíràn, àti àwọn páàsì EU mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn mìíràn nípa.
Àkọ́lé ìṣàfihàn. Àwọn àgbèkalẹ̀, àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́, àwọn àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn, àwọn àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò àti àwọn àwọn ìgbàdá. Fọ̀rọ̀ olùjádè láti gba àkóónú níbí tí àwọn ìṣẹ̀dá ìròyìn náà bà jẹ́.
Awọn ohun-ini ati awọn owo-iworo. Awọn ibatan lọwọlọwọ, awọn buffers, awọn ibeere Pillar 2 ati awọn ohun-ini ti eto iṣowo yoo nilo lẹhin pipaṣẹ.
AML ati awọn ẹsun. Àwọn fáìlì ìṣàmúlò-ètò, àgbèkalẹ̀ iṣẹ́ tí a ró pé nígbà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, àwọn aladúrójútó àìdájọ́ tí o gà jú àwọn aladúrójútó mìíràn lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ AML Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́. AML awọn iṣoro di awọn iṣoro ti oludokoowo.
Àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn àti ìṣàmúlò-ètò. Àwọn banki àti àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò tí a lò nínú ààyè-iṣẹ́ náà, àti bí a bà dá wọn sílẹ̀ láti inú ìjádé alábòójútó.
Sistemas ati outsourcing. Core banking platform, critical vendors ati contractual change-of-control clauses.
Ẹ̀yàn. Tí àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò ìjánu-ìjánu náà tí wọ́n bà jẹ́, àti tí àwọn awáròyìn tuntun tí wọ́n bà lọ́wọ́lù nípa ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ àti àgbèkalẹ̀.

Ìwọ̀n tí o nlọ́

Kò ní àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò tí a lò fún ilé-ìṣẹ́ banki, àti àwọn owó ní pàtó nínú iṣẹ́ kan. Ààyè-iṣẹ́ àwọn oníjàlẹ̀-ètò ní:

igbẹkẹle ti awọn iwe-aṣẹ ati awọn iwe irinna, ni ibamu si akoko ati iye owo lati gba wọn lati ibi;
àkọ́lé ìṣàfihàn tí a fi pàtó àti ìtàn AML;
a igbẹkẹle igbẹkẹle ati awọn ibasepọ alabara ti o wa tẹlẹ;
owo-ori ti o ga ju ohun ti a nilo lọ, tabi ni ọna miiran, owo-ori ti ko to ti oniṣowo gbọdọ sanwo;
Iṣẹ́ iṣẹ́ banki atí ẹ̀yàn ìdíyelé;
awọn eto iṣẹ, awọn iṣakoso ati awọn oṣiṣẹ ti o le kọja atunyẹwo to tọ.

Lisensi kan ti ko ni iṣowo, ko si awọn oṣiṣẹ ati awọn abajade ti a ko le rii ni iye to kere ju, nitori pe oludokoowo yoo tun ṣe iwadi kikun ati lẹhinna gbọdọ kọ banki bẹẹni.

Fẹ́là réde: àwọn ẹ̀yàn náà àti àwọn ile-iṣẹ̀ “àkọ́lé-ìwọ̀n”

Awọn ifunni ti awọn banki "ti a ṣe tẹlẹ", awọn ẹṣin ti o ni iwe-aṣẹ tabi "awọn ile-iṣẹ pẹlu iwe-aṣẹ ati akọọlẹ banki" n ṣafihan pupọ, ni pataki fun awọn ofin okeere.

Ìyàn tí a fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò àìfilọ́lẹ̀ tí a fọwọ́sì líǹkì náà gbọ́dọ̀ mú ìṣàfarawe-ọ̀rọ̀ tí a kọ̀ ní pàtó. Kò sí àwọn ìṣirò láti dáwọ́ lórí.
Awọn iwe-aṣẹ ti a ko lo le yọ kuro. Labẹ CRD Akọsilẹ 18, oludari le yọ kuro ni iwe-aṣẹ ti ko lo laarin awọn oṣu 12, tabi nibiti banki ti da iṣẹ duro fun diẹ sii ju osu mẹta lọ.
Àwọn ẹ̀yàn ààyè-iṣẹ́ tí a dẹ̀kún. Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò bí ilé-iṣẹ́ tí a fi pamọ́ níbì tí o kò ní ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ àwọn ẹ̀yàn inú, tí o bá jẹ́ pé a kò ní igbẹkẹle nínú ìmọ̀ràn atí iṣakoso, àtí a kò si ní ibataǹ pẹlú ẹgbẹ́ kan. Ilé-iṣẹ́ owo-ifowopamọ́ nígbà tí a kò lè fi pamọ́ lọ́wọ́lú àwọn ẹ̀yàn tí a bá kọ̀ọ̀kan, bẹ́ẹ̀ nípa tí ohun-inì bẹ́ẹ̀ kò lè dé sítáàsì paṣipaarọ.
Awọn alábòójútó tí a kò sọ̀rọ̀. Gbogbo àwọn ìṣàfarawé-ẹ̀yàn tí wọ́n fi àwọn alábòójútó àwọn alábòójútó, lòòlúlò, tàbí kò lè ṣàfihàn orílẹ̀-è̀dè àwọn owó nípa ìṣàfihàn àwọn owó.
Ikúrò nínú ìyànṣẹ. Ẹnikẹni ti o bá fẹ́ fi àwọn ohun-ini rẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ́wọ́lẹ̀ nínú ìyànṣẹ́, nínú UK ní ẹ̀yàn ọ̀daràn.

Olutaja ti o ni igbẹkẹle ti ile-iṣẹ ti a ṣeto yoo ronu pe oludokoowo yoo ṣe alabapin pẹlu oludari ni igba akọkọ ati pe yoo ṣe agbekalẹ akoko ofin si adehun, ni gbogbogbo bi ipo ti o wa tẹlẹ lati pari.

Sources(11)

EUR-Lex: Directive 2013/36/EU (Capital Requirements Directive), consolidated text · checked 2026-10-07
EUR-Lex: Directive (EU) 2024/1619 (CRD VI) · checked 2026-10-07
Joint ESAs: Joint Guidelines on the prudential assessment of acquisitions and increases of qualifying holdings in the financial sector (JC/GL/2016/01) · checked 2026-10-07
EBA: Joint Guidelines for the prudential assessment of acquisitions of qualifying holdings · checked 2026-10-07
ECB: Guide on qualifying holding procedures (March 2023) · checked 2026-10-07
ECB Banking Supervision: Authorisations · checked 2026-10-07
Bank of England: Change in control · checked 2026-10-07
HKMA: Guideline on Minimum Criteria for Authorization · checked 2026-10-07
FINMA: Getting licensed, banks · checked 2026-10-07
EUR-Lex: Directive (EU) 2015/2366 (PSD2) · checked 2026-10-07
EUR-Lex: Directive (EU) 2015/849 (Fourth Anti-Money Laundering Directive) · checked 2026-10-07

Àkóónú nikan, kò jẹ́ ofin, owo-ori àwòrán. Àjọṣepọ̀ ìforúkọsílẹ̀.