Mẽne ne banki?

Banki ne wani ɓangare na tsarin tattalin arziki, wanda ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukansa ta hanyar biyan bukatun jama'a da kuma samar musu da kayayyakin da suke buƙata. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan tsari, bankin yana da alhakin kulawa da duk wani ajiyar da aka yi a cikin banki.

Wannan maƙala tana bayyana jarabawar doka, manyan shirye-shiryen kasuwanci, da kuma abin da lasisin ke ba da izinin yi.

Gwajin doka: ajiyar kuɗi tare da bashi

Mafi tsarin shari'a bayyana wani banki ta ayyukanta maimakon sunansa. Ma'anar EU ne mai amfani reference point saboda da yawa dokoki a waje na Turai amfani da irin wannan magana. A karkashin Sashe 4 (1) (1) na Capital Requirements Regulation , wata cibiyar bashi ne wani kamfani wanda kasuwancin shi ne "da karbar ajiya ko wasu kudi da za a iya biya daga jama'a da kuma bayar da bashi ga asusunta".

Waɗannan abubuwa biyu ne suke da wajibi su kasance sunã a wurin haɗuwa. Riƙon ajiyar kuɗi ba tare da bai wa wani bashi ba, ko riƙon hannun jari na kansa ba tare da riƙon ajiyar kuɗi ba, shi ne kasuwanci daban-daban da magani daban-daban na dokoki.

Sashe na 9 na Dokar Bukatun Kasafin Kudi (CRD) ya bukaci kasashe mambobin EU da su "kakkabe mutane ko kamfanonin da ba kungiyoyin bashi ba daga gudanar da kasuwancin karbar ajiyar kudi ko sauran kudade masu biyan kuɗi daga jama'a".

Me ya sa ake kula da ajiya daban-daban

A ajiya shi ne wani alkawari na biyan diyya a kan par, a lokaci guda a kan bukata, da aka yi wa 'yan kasa waɗanda ba za su iya taƙaita haɗarin banki. Wannan alkawarin shi ne abin da ke sa kudi bankin amfanin kamar kudi. The Bank of England ya lura da cewa ajiyar banki suka hada 97% na tsawo kudi a cikin Birtaniya a lokacin nazarinsa 2014.

Saboda asusun ajiya suna aiki kamar kudi, rashin nasarar banki wata matsala ce ta jama'a da kuma wani mai zaman kansa. Wannan shi ne tushe ga dokoki kan jarin da kuma kudin shiga, inshorar ajiya, kayan aikin kudin shiga na bankin tsakiya da daidaito da gwaje-gwajen da suka dace ga manajoji da masu mallakarsu. Dukkan waɗannan an rufe su a cikin littafinsu a cikin wannan jerin.

A fassara EU ya fi girma ga manyan kamfanonin zuba jari

Ma'anar EU na yanzu kuma ya kama wasu manyan kamfanonin zuba jari. A karkashin mataki (b) na daidai CRR A cikin wannan littafi, wani kamfani da yake kasuwanci a kan asusunsa ko kuma ya sanya hannu kan takardun shaida akan tushe mai aminci shi ne wata cibiyar bashi inda dukiyarta ta haɗuwa ta kai dala biliyan 30, ko kuma inda take cikin wani rukuni na irin wannan girman, bisa ga tsare-tsaren da aka bayyana. Wannan yana shafar adadi kaɗan na manyan gidajen ciniki, ba ma'aikatan banki na yau da kullum ba.

Abin da lasisi na banki ya yarda

A license is permission to carry on a defined set of activities. In the EU, Annex I of the CRD lists the activities that benefit from mutual recognition across the single market. They include:

Aiki na Annex I	Abin da yake rufe a cikin aiki
1. Riƙe ajiya da sauran kuɗaɗe repayable	Kuɗi na yanzu, ajiya da na lokaci
2. Lending	Kudin mai amfani, bashi, factoring, kudi na kasuwanci
3. Kuɗi	Asset finance
4. Payment services	Ƙara
6. Gwamnoni da alkawari	Ƙara
7. ciniki ga asusunka ko ga abokan ciniki	Ka'idojin kasuwannin kudi, musayar waje, derivatives, takardun shaida
8. Cikakken bayani	Underwriting and placement
9. shawara ga kamfanoni	Ƙasashen waje
11. Manajan lissafi da shawara	Manajan arziki da dukiya

Wani lasisi na iya rufe kawai ayyukan da aka ambata a cikin izinin. Banki wanda yake so ya ƙara sabis na zuba jari, tsare-tsaren ko sabis na crypto-asset zai iya buƙatar faɗaɗa lasisinsa ko izinin daban.

Conditions attached to the licence

A cikin EU waɗannan sun haɗa da farkon hannun jari na aƙalla miliyan 5 EUR, ko kuma ba kaɗan ba fiye da miliyan 1 EUR ga nau'ikan musamman waɗanda wata ƙasar memba ta sanar (CRD Sashe na 12 ). Suna kuma ƙunshi mutane biyu aƙalla waɗanda ke jagorantar kasuwancin da kyau, da ofishin shugabanci a cikin ƙasar member na ofishin rajista (CRD Sashe na 13 ).

Regulators za su iya kuma bayar da lasisin da tsare-tsaren yayin da wani sabon banki ya kammala gina ayyukansa. A cikin Birtaniya, Bank of England's New Bank Start-up Unit ya bayyana wani lokaci na tattarawa wanda ke da tsawon lokaci ba fiye da 12 watanni, lokacin da ajiya-tattarawa an hana zuwa ga duka £ 50,000.

Territory

An ba da izini ta hanyar wani mai iko ga wani yanki. A cikin EU, CRD Sashe na 33 Ƙungiyar ta yi kira ga hukumomin tsaro da su tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da bincike a kan wannan lamari, tare da yin amfani da duk wata hanya da za ta iya taimakawa wajen gano laifukan da aka aikata.

A waje da irin wadannan ayyuka, lasisin ya tsaya a kan iyaka. A karkashin Sashe na 21c na CRD kamar yadda aka gyara ta Directive (EU) 2024/1619, kasashe mambobi dole ne su bukaci kamfanonin daga wajen EU don kafa wani sashen da aka amince da shi kafin su samar da manyan sabis na banki a cikin wannan kasa ma'aikaciyar, bisa ga takaitattun halaye irin su sake kira da kuma sabis ga cibiyoyin bashi. Kasashe mambobi dole ne su aiwatar da wannan dokar daga 11 ga Janairu, 2027.

Na'urori na banki

The labels below describe business models. Most of them rest on the same deposit-taking license, with different permissions, customers and risk profiles.

Taɓa	Core business	Mai amfani da	License notes
Bankin Kasuwanci	Asusun ajiya, bashi na tattalin arzikin aiki, kudi na kasuwanci, biyan kuɗi	Kamfanoni, hukumomin jama'a	Lasisi na banki mai cike; yakan bukaci biyan kuɗi da izinin FX
Bankin Kasuwa	Asusun yanzu, ajiyar kudi, rance, bashi ga mai amfani da shi, katin kuɗi	Masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin ƙananan	Lasisi na cikakke; abokin tarayyar inshorar ajiya; ƙa'idodin halayyar mai nauyi
Bankuna na musamman	Asusun ajiya, ba da bashi a kan dukiya, kulawa da shawarwari	Masu arziki da iyalai	Lasisi na banki tare da izinin sabis na zuba jari
Bankin zuba jari	Subscription, ciniki, shawarwari, farkon sabis	Kamfanoni, makarantu, gwamnatoci	Yawancin lokaci wani kamfani ne na zuba jari; yana bukatar takardar izinin banki idan ya karɓi ajiya
Digital bank	Kamar na kasuwa ko SME banki, da aka bayar ba tare da sassa	SMEs	Same lasisin kamar sauran bankuna a cikin mafi yawan dokoki; wasu masu kula da fitar da musamman lasisin dalilai
Bankin waje ko na duniya	Asusun ajiya da ba da bashi ga masu zama a waje	International clients, groups, wealth structures	Licensed a cikin wani kasa da kasa kudi cibiyar, yawanci tare da iyaka a kan gida kasuwanci

Digital banks

A digital banki ne wani banki da ke aiki ba tare da filin jiki. a cikin mafi yawan jihohi yana riƙe da lasisin daya kuma ya haɗu da irin cibiyar, kudi da kuma dokoki na mulkin kamar bankin fili-dauke.

Monetary Authority of Singapore ya ba da lasisi biyu na banki na dijital da lasisi biyu na banki na dijital, wanda ke aiki ga SMEs da sauran ɓangarorin da ba su da kasuwanci. MAS ya bayyana cewa a halin yanzu bai ba da sabon lasisin wannan nau'i ba.

Bankunan kasa da kasa

The Cayman Islands Monetary Authority reported 76 licensed banks at 30 June 2026, of which 11 held Category A licenses and 65 held Category B licenses.

Matsalar manyan makarantu suna sa ran kasancewar gaskiya, ba wani takardar zinariya. Bankin Cibiyar Bahrain Rulebook Ya bukaci masu lasisi na bankuna na gargajiya da ofishinsu a Bahrain su kiyaye ofishinsu na farko a Bahrain, kuma ya bukaci sassan bankunan kasashen waje su kiyaye wurin gudanarwa na gida da wuraren da suka dace da kasuwancinsu.

Abin da lasisin bai ba ka ba

Wannan ya sa ake bukata a samu izinin gudanar da banki, amma yana da wahala a samu izinin gudanar da banki.

1. Market access elsewhere. Outside passporting arrangements, each new market needs its own authorization, branch or exemption.
2. Correspondent accounts. A license does not oblige any other bank to open a account for you. Access to US dollar and euro clearing depends on correspondent banks’ own risk assessments.
3. Payment system and card scheme access. Direct participation in a real-time gross settlement system or card scheme has its own rules and onboarding.
4. Every product. Investment services, insurance distribution and crypto-asset services can require separate permissions.

Lasisi masu kusa waɗanda ba bankuna ba ne

Banki na da wasu nau'ikan lasisi da ke kusa da banki ba tare da izinin karɓar ajiya ba. Makarantun biyan kuɗi da makarantu na kudi na lantarki suna motsa kuma suna adana kuɗaɗen abokin ciniki amma, a cikin EU, ba za su iya karɓar ajiya ba, saboda wannan aikin an riga aka ware shi ga makarantun bashi a ƙarƙashin CRD Sashe 9. Kamfanonin saka hannun jari suna riƙe da dukiyar abokin ciniki da kasuwanci, amma ba kamfanonin bashi bane sai dai idan sun faɗi cikin gwajin kamfani mai girma na saka hannun jari a sama.

Ba-bankuna masu ba da bashi suna bai wa kuɗaɗensu ko kudaden da suka karɓa. Bisa ga doka, za su buƙaci lasisin rance na mai amfani ko lasisin ba da lasisi, amma ba lasisin banki ba, har sai sun karɓi kuɗaɗe masu biyan kuɗi daga jama'a.

Tambayoyi da za'a amsa kafin a zaɓi lasisin

1. Shin kasuwancin zai karbi kudaden da za a biya daga jama'a, ko kuma zai iya aiki akan tsarin biyan kuɗi ko e-money?
2. Waɗanne ayyuka daga jerin masu kula da ake buƙata a ranar farko, kuma wanda zai iya jira?
3. Waɗanne abokan ciniki da ƙasashe za a yi amfani da su, kuma shin wannan yana buƙatar takardar izinin tafiya, sassan ko lasisin daban-daban?
4. Wanda zai samar da asusun ma'aikata da damar shiga tsarin biyan kudade, da kuma kan wane sharudda?
5. Shin kungiyar za ta iya cika ka'idojin rarar hannun jari, gudanarwa da kuma kulawa na gida ga dukkan lokacin har zuwa lokacin da za a samu daidaito?

Amsoshin da ake samu a kan wannan tambaya na iya zama daban-daban, amma mafi yawansu suna da alaƙa da tsarin mulki na ƙasar da aka zaɓa.