Ƙarƙashin ajiya da yadda bankuna ke samar da kudi

The sentence “fractional ajiya banki” ya nuna wani hoto mai sauki. Savers ajiya kudi, bankin ke rike da wani ɓangare a cikin ajiya, kuma shi baiwa out the rest. That picture is still common in textbooks and in some license business plans.

Bankunan tsakiya sun bayyana wannan tsari daban-daban na fiye da shekaru goma. fahimtar bayani na yau da kullum muhimmanci ga duk wanda ke tsara wani banki, saboda shi ya bayyana abin da ka'idoji a gaskiya rufe: jarin, kudi da kuma kudin shiga, ba wani adadin ajiya.

Yadda ba da bashi ke samar da ajiya

Bayanin da ya fi bayyana a matsayin sanarwa na Bankin Ingilishi na 2014 Money creation in the modern economy. Yana cewa: “Ko da yaushe wani banki ke yin bashi, yana samarwa a lokaci guda ajiya mai daidaituwa a cikin asusun banki na mai karbar bashi, ta haka yana samar da kudi mai sauki.”

A cikin wannan tsari, asusun ajiyar banki yana adana wani abu mai amfani da shi, wanda ake kira bashi, da kuma wani abu da ake kira laifi, wanda ake kira ajiya.

Ba a rage adadin ajiyar da ke akwai ba. Mai karbar bashi sai ya kashe ajiyar, kuma ya motsa zuwa wasu asusun, a kullum a wasu bankuna.

A dacewa da aka sauki asusun ajiyar nuna tasiri na wani sabon bashi na 100 ga mai amfani da kasuwanci.

Tafiya	Asusun Banki	Banki	Kudin da ake riƙe da shi na jama'a
Bayan bashi	Abun da ke akwai	Asusun ajiya da jarin da ke akwai	Ba'a canza ba
An yi bashin	Ƙarfin kuɗi zuwa mai amfani +100	Kudin ajiyar mai amfani +100	+100
Mai siyarwa ya biya mai samarwa a wani banki	100	Kudin ajiyar mai amfani -100	Ba a canja shi ba; asusun ajiya yanzu yana zaune a banki na mai samarwa
Loan is repaid later	100	Kudin ajiyar mai amfani -100	-100

A cikin wannan yanayin, kudin da aka samar ta hanyar bashi yana zaune a cikin tsarin, amma ya bar banki mai ba da lamuni tare da adadin da ya dace na ajiyar sa.

Wannan ma'aikacin ya ce, "A lokacin da wani mai karbar bashi ya biya kudin fansa, adadin kudi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen biyan kudin fansa yana faruwa, don haka ana halakar da kuɗin. Bankunan kuma suna samar da kuɗaɗe idan sun sayi dukiya kamar su takardun gwamnati daga bankunan da ba na banki ba ne, kuma suna rage su idan bankunan da ba na banki ba ne suka sayi kudaden da bankin ya fitar na dogon lokaci ko kuma hannun jari."

Bangaren Ingilishi ya gyara matsaloli biyu

Labarin ya bayyana kurakurai biyu masu yawa:

1. Banks as pure intermediaries. “Bayan bankuna suna karɓar ajiyar lokacin da iyalai ke adana kuma daga bisani suna ba su bashi, bashi na banki yana samar da ajiya.”
2. The money multiplier. “A cikin lokuta na yau da kullum, bankin tsakiya ba ya daidaita adadin kudi a cikin zirga-zirgar, kuma ba a 'rarraba' kudin banki na tsakiya zuwa wasu bashi da ajiya ba.”

Ta kara da cewa ajiyar "za a iya kawai a bashi tsakanin bankuna, tun da masu amfani ba su da damar zuwa ajiyar asusun" a cikin banki mai zaman kansa. Abokin ciniki rike ajiyar, waɗanda ne bukatun a kan kamfanonin banki.

Waɗanda ke riƙe da su

Bankin da ke biyan kudi (ko bankin da ke karbar kudin) yana da alhakin bayar da kudaden da ake bukata ga banki mai karba (ko bankin da ke karba) don biya wa wani a wani bangare.

A banki daya da bashin agressively za a sabõda haka rasa ajiyar da ajiyar ga sauran bankuna kamar yadda masu bashi kashe. Ya kamata ya jawo ajiya ko wasu kudade don maye gurbin su, ko kuma rike da isasshen kudin ruwa dukiya don rufe fitarwa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kudi mai yawa da kuma kudade, ba girman na kasafin kudi a farko, siffar da yawa wani banki zai iya bashin.

A kan tsarin gaba daya, Bankin Ingila ya bayyana cewa “ba a ce adadin ajiyar kudi ne ke hana ba da rance ba, kuma bankunan tsakiya ba su tantance adadin adadin ajiyar kudi da ake da shi ba.” A lokutan yau da kullum, bankunan tsakiya na sanya farashin adadin ajiyar kudi, da kudin riba, da kuma samar da yawan kudaden da bankuna ke bukata a wannan adadin.

Reserve requirements in practice

A bukata ajiya na bukatar bankuna su rike da wani daidaito mafi ƙaranci a cikin bankin tsakiya, lissafa a matsayin kashi na wasu matsalolin. The Bank of England ya lura da cewa buƙatun ajiya "ba muhimmin bangare na tsare-tsaren kudi a cikin mafi ci gaban tattalin arzikin yau." Buƙatu har yanzu akwai a cikin kasashe da yawa, a matakai daban-daban.

Jurisdiction	Buƙata	Masu Sauƙi
United States	0% a kan duk kudaden da aka biya tun daga 26 ga Maris, 2020	Federal Reserve
Arewacin Turai	1% akan ajiyar dare da kuma ajiya, kuɗaɗe da takardun kasuwannin kuɗi har zuwa shekaru biyu, tun daga ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2012; 0% kan lokaci mai tsawo	ECB
United Kingdom	No formal reserve requirement	Bank of England
India	Asusun ajiyar kudi na 3.00%, tare da adadin kudaden shiga na doka na 18.00%	Bankin Tarayya na Najeriya

The euro area figures show that a requirement can be low and unremunerated at the same time. The ECB shows a remuneration rate of 0% on minimum reserves for the current maintenance period. Where a requirement exists, it is a cost of doing business in that jurisdiction and a factor in funding plans, but it is rarely what limits a new bank’s growth.

Me ake nufi da bukatar ajiya ga wani sabon banki

1. Bankin yana bukatar samun damar shiga asusun banki na cibiyar sadarwa, kai tsaye ko ta hanyar wata kungiya, don kiyaye ajiyar da ake buƙata.
2. Asusun ajiya na wani layin tattalin arziki ne a cikin sifar gudun kudi.
3. A inda asusun ajiyar ba su da wani sakamako, sai su rage kudin riba kan asusun ajiyar da suke jawo su.
4. Buƙatu da biyan kuɗi na iya canzawa, don haka shirye-shiryen kasuwanci dole ne su gwada zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓuɓɓuka.

Abin da ke hana ba da bashi

Bankin Ingila ya bayyana nau'ikan ka'idoji uku game da samar da kudi ta hannun bankuna.

1. Limits a kan bankuna kansu

Banks ya kamata a ba da riba a cikin wani kasuwa na gasa. Duk wani sabon bashi ke da hadarin kudi, kuma banki ya kamata farashin ga asarar da ake tsammani da kuma rike kasuwar hannun jari a kan waɗanda ba a tsammani ba. Ya kamata kuma gudanar da hadarin kudi da ke faruwa lokacin da aka sake halitta ajiya bar ga sauran bankuna.

A saman wadannan iyakokin kasuwanci zaune kula da dokoki. The article states that regulatory policy constraines banks’ activities “in order to mitigate a build-up of risks that could pose a threat to the stability of the financial system”, ciki har da ta hanyar bukatun kan kasuwar hannun jari da kudi.

2. Hali na gidaje da kamfanoni

Mutane da suka samu sabon ajiyar za su iya amfani da su don biyan bashin da ke akwai, wanda ya halaka kudi a sake. The stock of money depends on those choices as well as on banks’ lending decisions.

3. Farashin kudi

The article calls monetary policy “the ultimate constraint on money creation”. By setting the interest rate on reserves, the central bank influences loan rates and the demand for credit.

Me ya sa dukiya, ba ajiyar, shi ne da alhakin hana

A cikin wannan littafin, an yi bayani game da yadda za a yi amfani da kuɗaɗen shiga don ciyar da ayyukan ci gaba na al'umma, da kuma yadda za a yi amfani da kuɗin shiga wajen biyan bukatun jama'a.

A cikin EU, Sashe na 92 na Tsarin Bukatun Kayayyaki ya buƙaci cibiyoyin da su kiyaye a duk lokacin da wani nau'i na 4.5 na Common Equity Tier 1, nau'i na 6 na Tier 1, nau'i mai yawa na 8% da nau'i na 3%. Buffers da supervision add-ons zauna sama da waɗannan ƙananan.

A m misali yana nuna tasiri. Ka yi tsammani bashin wani banki na ke da nauyin haɗari na 100% da kuma bankin bukatar wani total rabon hannun jari na 12% a lokacin buffers da add-ons an hada.

Dukkan runduna 100 na ƙarshe na irin wannan bashi yana buƙatar rundunonin 12 na hannun jari. Banki tare da rundunonin ajiyar kuɗi 60 bisa ga buƙatunsa zai iya ƙara kusan rundunonin 500 na irin wannan bashin kafin ya zama dole ya ɗauki wani babban kudin shiga ko ya riƙe wani riba mai yawa, duk da abin da yake a cikin adadin ajiyarsa.

Liquidity dokoki ƙara wani na biyu mai wuya tsanani. A banki ya kamata a riƙe da yawa high quality liquid dukiya don tsira daga wani 30-day stress kuma ya kamata a yi kudi ga dogon lokaci dukiya tare da daidaitattun kudade. wadannan bukatun ne aka bayyana a cikin littafin kan liquidity da kuma kudade.

Amfani ga masu kafa da masu zuba jari

1. Plan tattalin arziki a kusa da cibiyar sadarwa. The bashin littafi wani banki zai iya gina an hana ta da cibiyar sadarwa da yake da kuma za a iya kara, bayan fara asarar.
2. Plan funding around deposit stability. Created deposits leave the bank when borrowers spend them, so the bank needs a reliable funding base.
3. Treat ajiya bukatun a matsayin wani farashin layin.Su ne muhimmanci ga margins da ayyuka, ba kamar babban iyaka kan ci gaba.
4. Aiwatar da masu kulawa don gwada shirin a karkashin matsin lamba. Regulators tattauna ko kasuwar hannun jari da kudi mai tsada ya tsaya idan ci gaba, asarar ko ajiyar fitarwa sun bambanta daga batun tushe.

Wannan ma'anar tana nuna yadda ake sarrafawa da kuma kiyayewa a karkashin tsarin Basel.