Kuɗi da tallafi: LCR, NSFR, inshorar ajiya da mai bashi na ƙarshe

Banks kuskure a hanyoyi biyu. Su fita daga hannun jari saboda asarar ya wuce abin da shareholders sanya a, ko su fita daga kudi saboda creditors cire sauri fiye da dukiya za a iya juya zuwa kudi. na biyu zai iya faruwa ga wani bankin solvent cikin kwanaki.

Basel III ya ƙara biyu liquidity standards don magance wannan hadari. Deposit insurance da bankin tsakiya bashin kammala tsari ta hanyar rage jarin da za a yi tafiya da kuma samar da wani backstop lokacin kasuwanni rufe.

Me ya sa bankuna suke fuskantar hadarin kudi

A banki na haƙƙoƙi ne mafi yawan lokaci mai tsawo. a halin yanzu adadin asusun za a iya cire a kan bukata, da kuma wholesale kudi sau da yawa matures a cikin makonni.

Wannan canji na girma shine aikin tattalin arzikin banki, kamar yadda labarin game da ƙirƙirar kuɗi ya bayyana. Yana kuma dalilin da ya sa asarar aminci za ta iya juya zuwa gudu. Digital banking ya rage lokacin da gudu ke ɗauka, saboda abokan ciniki zasu iya motsa adadin daga wayar hannu a kowane lokaci.

The Liquidity Coverage Ratio

The Basel Committee’s LCR standard ta bukaci wani banki ya rike da isasshen adadin unburdened high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) da za a iya canzawa zuwa kudi don cika bukatarsa na liquidity for a 30-kalanda-ranar stress scenario.

The ratio is the stock of HQLA divided by total net cash outflows over the next 30 days. Absent a lokaci na rashin kudi, ya kamata ba kasa da 100%. The standard was phased in from 60% in 2015 to 100% on 1 January 2019.

Abun ajiyar ruwa mai inganci

HQLA an raba su zuwa ga matakai, da iyakoki a kan mafi ƙasƙanci ingancin matakai.

Mataki	Abun amfani na yau da kullum	Haircut	Haɗa
Mataki 1	Cash, bankin cibiyar ajiyar da za a iya janyewa a cikin stress, kwarewa sovereign takardun shaida	Bai ɗaya ba	Bai da tsawo ba
Mataki 2A	Ƙaramar hukuma, ɓangaren jama'a da wasu baƙin ƙarfe da aka rufe da kuma kuɗaɗe na kamfani sun haɗu da darajar da ƙa'idodin kasuwa	15%	Mataki 2 cikin adadin a mafi yawan 40% na HQLA
Mataki 2B	Ƙari ga haka, akwai wasu kudaden da aka baiwa kamfanonin da suka fi ƙananan darajar, da kuma wasu kuɗaɗen da ake bayarwa a matsayin bashi.	50% na gabaɗaya	A mafi yawan 15% na HQLA, cikin 40%

Kuɗi

Outflows ne lissafa ta hanyar amfani da run-off kashi ga kowane irin na kudi. The kashi nuna yadda za a iya cewa kowanne mai saka jari ne ya cire a cikin stress.

Finding type	Basel minimum run-off rate
Stable ajiyar sayar da: cikakke inshora, kuma a cikin lissafin kasuwanci ko da dangantaka kafa	5%, ko kuma 3% inda inshorar ajiya ta kasa ke cika sharudda na musamman
Kudin ajiyar masu sayar da kayayyaki	Aƙalla 10%, an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar dokoki
Asusun ajiyar aiki daga haɗin gwiwar tsaftacewa, kulawa ko gudanar da kudi	25%
Kudin da ba a tabbatar da shi daga kamfanonin da ba na kudi ba, masu mulki, bankunan tsakiya da hukumomin jama'a	40%, ko kuma 20% idan an yi inshora sosai
Kudin da ba a tabbatar da shi daga wasu kungiyoyi na doka, ciki har da hukumomin kudi	100%

Inflows daga gudanar da dukiyoyin iya offset outflows, amma kawai har zuwa aggregate kafa na 75% na duk da ake tsammani outflows. A banki ba zai iya gamsuwa da LCR kaɗai ta hanyar fatan da rancen kansa za a biya.

Standard ya bayyana cewa bankuna ana sa ran su yi amfani da HQLA a lokacin wani lokaci na stress, ko da yake ma'aunin sa'an nan kuma ya fadi kasa da 100%. Supervisors tattauna al'amarin da kuma amsa daidai.

A cikin doka ta EU

The EU applies the LCR through Article 412 of the Capital Requirements Regulation and a delegated regulation. Article 412 requires institutions to hold liquid assets covering outflows less inflows “under severely stressed conditions over a period of thirty days”. Under Article 414, an institution that does not or expects not to meet the requirement must notify its supervisor immediately and submit a restoration plan.

Ma'auni

The LCR ya yi magana da wani wata-daya na stress. The NSFR ya yi magana da tsari na dukan balance sheet a kan shekara daya. Yana bukata mai sauki tabbataccen kudi (ASF) don su kasance aƙalla 100% na bukatar tabbataccen kudi (RSF) a kan wani ci gaba, kuma ya zama mafi ƙasƙanci standard by 1 Janairu 2018 a karkashin Basel lokaci.

Kuma kõwane haƙƙin mallaka yanã da wani ma'aunin ASF wanda yake nuna yadda ya tabbata. Duk wani dukiya na samu da wani RSF dalilai nuna yadda yawa tabbataccen kudi yana buƙata.

Liability	ASF factor
Ƙarfin kuɗi na doka da sauran haƙƙoƙin da suka rage na shekara daya ko fiye	100%
Asusun ajiyar kasuwancin sayar da kayayyaki da na kananan sana’o’i a kasa da shekara daya	95%
Ƙara yawan ajiyar kasuwancin sayar da kayayyaki da na kasuwanci mai ƙaranci a ƙasa da shekara guda	90%
Kudin da aka samu a karkashin shekara daya daga kamfanonin da ba na kudi ba da wasu wasu manyan hanyoyin	50%
Waɗansu haƙƙoƙi, ciki har da mafi yawan tallafin lokaci mai tsawo daga cibiyoyin kuɗi	0%

A gefen dukiya, kudi da ajiyar bankin tsakiya ba su buƙaci tallafi mai ƙarfi ba, yayin da kudaden bashi na dogon lokaci ba su buƙaci wani ɓangare mai girma. Bankin da ke bayar da kuɗaɗe ga 25-year mortgages tare da biyan kuɗi na yau da kullun zai rasa NSFR har ma idan LCR ya nuna lafiya.

The EU applies the NSFR through CRR Articles 413 and 428b. Article 428b requires a ratio “of at least 100%” and adds that institutions should keep the currency profile of their funding generally consistent with that of their assets.

Me ake nufi da nau'ikan ga wani banki mai sabon

1. Deposit mix is a design decision. Insured retail deposits in transactional accounts carry the lowest run-off and the highest ASF. Rate-sensitive deposits gathered through comparison platforms behave less predictable and may be treated as less stable.
2. Deposits daga fintech abokan ciniki da kuma hukumomin kudi ne mai tsada a cikin liquidity terms. A karkashin LCR, unsecured kudin shiga daga hukumomin kudi ke da 100% run-off sai dai idan ya cancanci a matsayin aiki.
3. Concentration ma'auni a kan ra'ayi. Supervisors kuma kallo a kan dogara a kan kaɗan manyan ajiya ko daya sashe na raba.
4. Holding HQLA yana da wani farashin. Liquid dukiya samun kaɗan fiye da bashi, don haka bukatun liquidity rage margins a cikin shirin kasuwanci.
5. Currency mismatches need their own plan. A bank that lends in one currency and takes deposits in another must manage liquidity in each.

Masu kula suna kuma tsammanin wani nazarin isasshen kudin shiga na ciki, wani shirin tallafi na gaggawa tare da ayyuka da aka gwada, da kuma bin diddigin yau da kullun na kudin shiga na yau da kullum ga bankuna waɗanda ke halartar tsarin biyan kuɗi.

Asusun ajiya

Deposit insurance reduces the incentive to run by assuring smaller depositors that they will be repaid even if the bank fails.It is funded by contributions from member banks.

Jurisdiction	Banki	Masu Sauƙi
Unionungiyar Turai	EUR 100,000 akan ajiyar aggregate, tare da mafi girman tsaro na lokaci wanda Member States dole ne ka sanya ga wasu ajiyar, kamar su waɗanda daga kasuwancin mallakar gidajen jama'a	Dokar 2014/49/EU
United Kingdom	£120,000 since 1 December 2025	FSCS

Dokar EU ta buƙaci shirye-shiryen don yin adadin da za a iya biya a cikin kwanaki bakwai na aiki, bayan wani lokacin canji wanda ya gudana har zuwa 31 ga Disamba, 2023. IADI Core Principles for Effective Deposit Insurance Systems, wanda aka sabunta a watan Satumba na shekarar 2025, wanda IMF da Bankin Duniya ke amfani da shi a cikin nazarin fannin kudi.

A sabon banki dole ne ya shiga cikin shirin na gida dokokinta kafin su dauki rufe ajiya. Yana kuma bukatar a iya samar da m depositor bayanai da sauri, don haka da shirin za a iya biya daga cikin lokacin da doka. Wannan damar shi ne wani bangare na aiki gina cewa masu kula da sake dubawa.

The LCR links back to deposit insurance. A deposit counts as stable only if it is fully insured by an effective scheme and meets the relationship or transactional account criteria. The Basel standard notes that the presence of deposit insurance alone is not sufficient.

Mai bãyar da lamuni (ga mutãne) mai yawan haƙuri.

Central banks provide liquidity to banks against collateral. This is the oldest part of the safety net, and its design differs by jurisdiction.

A cikin yanki na euro, bankuna suna samun damar gudanar da ayyuka na doka na kudi ta hanyar Eurosystem. A gefen waɗannan, ECB ya bayyana taimakon gaggawa (ELA) a matsayin kudin banki mai zaman kansa wanda aka ba da shi ta hannun bankunan kasashe masu zaman kansu "ga cibiyoyin kuɗi masu tsada waɗanda ke fuskantar matsaloli na lokaci-lokaci, a waje da ayyukan doka na doka na Eurosystem".

ECBThe Governing Council can object where ELA would interfere with the goals and tasks of the Eurosystem. The current ELA agreement dates from September 2024.

A cikin Birtaniya, da Bank of England's toolkit ya hada da Short-Term Repo tsari, Indexed Long-Term Repo, wani lokaci mai tsanani repo tsari canzawa a kasuwa-wide stress, da Discount Window Tsarin. The Discount Window ne na biyu, a kan bukata tsarin ga kamfanonin da hasashen ko kuma fuskantar bukatar kudi ba zato ba tsammani.

Abin da ake bukata don samun damar banki mai tsakiya

1. Eligibility. Usually a licensed bank under robust prudential supervision, with a central bank account.
2. Collateral. Central banks lend only against eligible collateral, with haircuts. Loans must be pre-positioned and legally ready before they are needed.
3. Operational readiness. Settlement connections, legal documentation and testing should be in place in normal times.
4. Solvency. Emergency lending is designed for solvent institutions. It does not replace capital.

Tambayoyi masu kula da tambaya game da liquidity

1. Waɗanne masu saka hannun jari ne za su tallafawa bankin a cikin shekaru uku na farko, kuma da yaushe za su iya fita?
2. Mene ne kashi na ajiyar da aka yi rijista, ciniki da dangantaka?
3. Menene adadin HQLA da za a yi amfani da shi, a cikin wane nau'in kudi, kuma ina?
4. Mene ne shirin samar da kudade na gaggawa yake yi a ranar farko, ta biyar da kuma ta goma sha uku na wani yunkuri?
5. Waɗanne ayyuka na banki mai tsakiya za a iya amfani da su, kuma shin an yi shirye-shiryen tabbatar da su?

Labarin nan mai zuwa ya juya daga dokoki na asusun ajiya zuwa ga mutanen da ke tafiyar da banki: kulawa da daidaito da bukatun da suka dace.