Tsarin mulki da buƙatun daidaito da daidaitacce

An baiwa wata kungiya lasisi na banki, amma masu kula da ita ne ke yanke shawara kan mutane da kuma ginin da ke bayanta. Ba za a amince da wani shirin kasuwanci mai ƙarfi tare da kwamiti mai rauni ba. Bankin da aka bai wa lasisi wanda ma’aikatansa suka daina cika ka'idojin zai iya cire ma’aikatansa.

Wannan labarin ya bayyana tsarin mulkin da mafi yawan masu kulawa ke amfani da shi, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin EU a matsayin mafi cikakken bayani game da abin da aka wallafa.

Ma'aikatar kulawa

EU doka amfani da kalmar "manajan jiki" don rufe duka biyun wani kwamiti guda da kuma biyu-mataki tsari tare da wani kwamiti na gudanarwa da wani kwamiti na kulawa. The management function runs the bank day to day. The supervisory function oversees and challenges management.

CRD Sashe na 13 yana bukatar cewa "aƙalla mutane biyu suna jagorantar kasuwancin da tabbas" na mai neman izinin, wanda aka fi sani da tsarin idanun huɗu. Dokar dole ne a ki amincewa idan 'yan majalisar kulawa ba su cika buƙatun dacewar ba a Sashe na 91.

CRD Sashe na 91 sanya wadannan bukatun. Members ya kamata su kasance "na da kyau sosai reputable kuma mallaki da yawa ilimi, kwarewar aiki da kuma kwarewa don gudanar da ayyukansu", jajirce lokaci mai yawa, da kuma aiki da gaskiya, adalci da kuma 'yanci na zuciya. The body a matsayin wani abu dole ne su sami "da yawa ilimi na jama'a, kwarewar aiki da kuma ƙwarewa" don fahimtar da ayyukan cibiyar da manyan hadarin.

Limits on directorships

Ba a barin alkawari na lokaci gaba ɗaya ba ga hukunci. Ga kungiyoyi da suke da muhimmanci a cikin girma, gudanarwa ta cikin gida da wahala, Sashe 91 (3) ya hana 'yan'uwa zuwa shugabancin gudanarwa guda tare da shugabannin biyu masu ba da shawara ba, ko kuma shugabanni huɗu masu ba da shawara ba. Manajanci a cikin rukuni guda yana lissafa kamar daya, kuma hukumomin za su iya ba da damar wani rawar da ba ta gudanarwa ba.

Kwamitin kwamiti

Babban bankin ana tsammanin zai sami barazana, bincike, biyan kuɗi da kuma kwamitin takarar, tare da ma’aikatan da ba su da alhakin gudanarwa da ƙwarewa masu dangantaka.

Layuka uku na tsare-tsare

The EBA Guidelines on internal governance (EBA/GL/2021/05), which apply from 31 December 2021, are consistent with the three lines of defence model.

Layin	Wanda	Aiki
Na farko	Business layuka, da goyon baya ayyuka kamar yadda IT, HR da doka	Ka ɗauki haɗari kuma ka shirya su kai tsaye, tare da ayyuka da kulawa waɗanda ke riƙe ayyukan cikin haɗarin cin abinci
Na biyu	Ma'aikacin kula da haɗari mai zaman kansa da ma'aikacin daidaitawa	Ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa da kuma bayar da rahoton haɗarin a duk faɗin ƙungiya; tambayar farkon layin; kula da amincewa da doka da manufofin cikin gida
Tashi na uku	Internal audit	Ƙirƙirar da kuma gudanar da bincike kan tsarin mulki, ayyuka da hanyoyin farko biyu.

The guidelines state that all internal control functions need to be independent of the business they control, have adequate financial and human resources, and report directly to the management body. Institutions may add specific control functions, such as a AML compliance function or IT security control.

Ga wani sabon banki, gwajin na'ura ne ma'aikata. A shugaban na hadari wanda kuma ke tafiyar da kasafin kudi, ko wani jami'in biyayya wanda ya yi rahoto ga shugaban sayarwa, za a kalubalanci. Kadan bankuna iya haɗa wasu roles, amma masu kula da tsammani bayyananne 'yanci ga shugabannin hadari, biyayya da bincike na ciki.

Ma'aikatan aiki masu mahimmanci

Ma'aikatan da ke rike da manyan ayyuka su ne mutane waɗanda ba su a kan kwamitin gudanarwa ba amma suna da tasiri mai muhimmanci a kan hanyar cibiyar. shugabannin ayyukan kula da cikin gida da babban jami'in kudi sune misalai na yau da kullum.

Directive (EU) 2024/1619 (CRD VI) adds a new Article 91a to the CRD. Institutions have primary responsibility for ensuring that key function holders are at all times of sufficiently good reputation, act with honesty and integrity, and possess sufficient knowledge, skills and experience. They must assess them before appointment and periodically, and must not appoint, or must remove, a person who does not meet the standard.

Don manyan makarantu, hukumomin da ke da alhakin dole ne su tattauna kansu shugabannin ayyukan kulawa na cikin gida da CFO a karkashin Sashe 91a (5). CRD VI kuma yana bukatar wani aikace-aikace na dacewar ya isa ga hukumar aƙalla kwanakin aiki 30 kafin wani sabon dan majalisa ko shugaban ya ɗauki rawar a cikin manyan makarantu. CRD 11 ga Janairu, 2026.

Fit da kuma daidai tace

Hanyar EU mai bayani dalla-dalla an sanya ta a cikin ESMA da EBA Tashoshi na hadin gwiwa game da nazarin ingancin (EBA/GL/2021/06), wanda ESMA da EBA suka gabatar don shawarwari a cikin siffar gyara a cikin 2026 don nuna CRD VI. Don bankuna da take kulawa kai tsaye, ECB ta wallafa littafinta na Guide to fit and proper assessments.

Shirin ECB ya yi nazari kan mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa bisa ka'idoji biyar daga Sashe na 91 na CRD.

Criterion	Me ake tattarawa
Experience	Kwarewa na aiki da kuma ilimi na nazari dangane da aikin
Reputation	Kuɗi na shari'a da na gudanarwa, halayen mutum da na kasuwanci, da duk wani abu da ke jawo shakka game da kulawa mai kyau da ta dace
Conflicts of interest and independence of mind	Personal, professional, financial da siyasa dangantaka; damar yaƙi
Aikace-aikacen Lokaci	Number and nature of other mandates, and the time the role actually requires
Collective suitability	Ko da yake kwamitin a matsayin wani abu ya rufe ayyukan bankin da kuma haɗari

Experience thresholds

ECB mai shiryarwa na amfani da matsaloli waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar wani tsammani na ƙwarewa mai yawa. A ƙasansu, ECB yana kallo mafi kusa fiye da hanawa ta atomatik.

Aiki	Threshold for presumption of sufficient experience
CEO	Shekaru goma na kwarewa a fannin banki ko ayyuka na kudi, ciki har da wani bangare mai muhimmanci a mataki na shugabanci.
Manajan Darakta	Shekaru biyar na kwarewa a fannin banki ko ayyukan kudi a mataki na shugabanci
Non-executive chair	Shekaru goma na kwarewa ta aiki da ta dace, tare da kashi mai muhimmanci a matakin farko da kuma ilimi mai muhimmanci a fannin banki ko wani fanni mai kama da shi.
Non-executive director	Shekaru uku na kwarewa a fannin gudanarwa mai inganci, ciki har da ilimin nazari a fannin banki

Tattaunawa

The ECB dauke hira a matsayin wani ɓangare na ta gaskiya-find. A ƙarƙashin shi jagora, hira ne wajibi ga sabon rantsarwa na CEO da shugaban hukumar gudanarwa a banks stand-alone da kuma a kan bankin mafi girman na wata ƙungiya. Ga sauran roles su ne ake amfani da su a kan wani daidaitacce, hadari-daidaitacce tushe.

Ta yaya za'a yi nazari a cikin aiki

1. Ma'aikatar tana gudanar da tattaunawarta kan ingancinta da kuma takardunta.
2. The dan takarar ya cika tambaya na regulator, tare da CV, bayyananniyar da goyon bayan shaida.
3. Mai kula yana bincika takardu tare da sauran hukumomi, ciki har da a wasu kasashen inda mutum ya yi aiki.
4. Mai kula na iya tattaunawa da dan takarar kuma ya nemi karin bayani.
5. Mai kula ya amince, ya amince da sharudda kamar koyarwar, ko kuma ya ki.
6. An sake nazarin ingancin lokacin da wasu abubuwa masu ban sha'awa suka taso, kamar bincike ko kuma wani abu da aka gano.

Sashe na 91 (1) na CRD yana ba hukumomi ikon cire 'yan takara waɗanda ba su ci gaba da cika buƙatun ba. Yana rarrabe yanayi inda akwai dalilai masu kyau don shakkar yin lalata da kudi ko tallafawa 'yan ta'adda.

Masu saka hannun jari ana tantance su kuma

Ma'aikatan da suka cancanci holdings ne aka tantance domin suna, kudi lafiya da kuma doka na su kudade. Sashe na 14 na CRD bukata wani mai neman ya bayyana asalin masu hannun jari da kwarewa holdings, ko 20 mafi girma shareholders inda babu. Regulators kallo ta hanyar holding tsari ga mutane na halitta waɗanda ke kula da su.

Ma'ana da hankali da kulawa

Substance ma'anar da lasisi entity aka shirya da kuma kula inda shi ne lasisi, tare da mutane na gaskiya yin shawarwari na gaskiya. Shi ne shugabanci counterpart na fit da daidai gwaji.

A cikin EU, CRD Sashe na 13 (2) ya buƙaci wata cibiyar bashi tare da ofishi mai rijista don samun ofishinta a cikin ƙasar ma'aikaciya guda. EBA shawarwarin fitarwa sun bayyana cewa cibiyoyin "za su kiyaye a duk lokacin da suka dace kuma ba za su zama 'ƙuƙumma marasa amfani' ko 'yankunan akwatin imel'". Wannan ya haɗa da cika dukkan sharuɗɗan izinin da kuma wani kwamitin gudanarwa wanda zai iya aiwatar da ayyukansa.

Wannan ma'anar tana bayyana a cikin ƙa'idodin AML na duniya. The FATF glossary defines the physical presence that distinguishes a real bank from a shell bank as “meaningful mind and management located within a country”, da ke cewa wani jami'in yanki ko ma'aikatan mataki na ƙasa kadai ba ya isa.

A waje na EU, sinadarai ne a sau da yawa frameed kamar yadda wani "rai da kuma gudanarwa" gwaji. Bankin Cibiyar Bahrain Rulebook Ya sanya hankali da gudanarwa a matsayin wani sharudda na lasisin: bankuna na gargajiya masu ofishin rajista a Bahrain dole ne su kiyaye ofishinsu na farko a can, kuma sassan bankunan kasashen waje dole ne su kiyaye wurin gudanarwa na gida da wuraren da suka dace da ayyukansu.

Signs that substance is missing

1. Taron kwamitin da aka yi a waje na shari'ar lasisi, tare da manajoji na gida waɗanda ke amincewa da shawarwarin da aka dauka a wani wuri.
2. Manajoji masu daraja waɗanda suke zaune a waje da kuma ziyara sau daya.
3. Ayyuka na farko, kamar shawarwarin bashi ko kula da haɗari, ana gudanar da su ta hanyar wata kamfani mai zaman kanta ba tare da wani tsari na fitarwa ba da kuma kulawa.
4. A ofishin yanki ba tare da ma'aikata iya amsa tambayoyin supervisors '.
5. Rikodin, tsarin ko bayanai da ƙungiya ta cikin gida ba za ta iya samun dama ba ba tare da izinin mahaifi ba.

Ayyukan da aka yi

1. Recruit the core team before applying. Regulators assess named individuals, not job descriptions.
2. Matsayi da kwarewa ga kasuwanci model. A digital bashin banki bukatar bashi da fasahar hadarin masaniya a kan board, ba kawai al'ada bankin ƙwarewa.
3. Faɗakarwa gaba ɗaya.An gano rashin faɗakarwa bayan haka ya lalata suna fiye da matsalar farko.
4. Plan for time commitment. Non-executive candidates with many mandates may fail on time alone.
5. Independence na takardar shaida. Nuna yadda ayyukan kulawa suke daban daga layuka na kasuwanci da kuma yadda suke isa ga kwamitin.

Mataki na gaba ya kunshi tsari na bin doka da duk wani banki ya kamata ya yi aiki: yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, san abokan cinikin ku da kuma kula da hukunci.