Yadda dokoki daban-daban a cikin lasisi bankuna

Yin ajiyar kudi da kuma yin bashi shi ne aikin tattalin arziki guda daya a duk fadin duniya. Amma, izinin da ake buƙata, kudaden da ake buƙata, lokacin da za a amince da shi da kuma kasuwannin da izinin ke budewa suna bambanta sosai.

Wannan labarin na bayyana inda bambance-bambancen suke fitowa daga da kuma yadda suke shafar darajar aiki ta lasisin.

Fuskar ƙasa, zane na kasa

Global standard setters create a shared baseline. The Basel Committee sets prudential standards, the FATF sets AML/CFT standards, and the CPMI sets standards for payment infrastructure. Peer reviews check implementation.

A cikin wannan mataki, kowace jiha na yanke shawarar:

1. Waɗanne ayyuka suke buƙatar waccan lasisin. Wasu suna da lasisin banki ɗaya; wasu suna da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, kamar cikakke, ƙuntatacce, wholesale ko dijital.
2. Yadda ake buƙata a fara da hannun jari, da kuma yadda masu kulawa ke tsammanin sama da ƙananan doka.
3. Mene ne ake bukata?: gudanarwa ta cikin gida, ma'aikata, taro na kwamiti da tsarin aiki.
4. Wanda za'a iya amfana da shi: mazauna, ba-masu zama ba, masu sayar da kaya ko masu siyar da kayayyaki, da kuma a cikin wane kudi.
5. Waɗanne sauran kasuwanni lasisin ke buɗewa, ta hanyar fasfo, yarda ko babu.
6. Yadda sauri da yadda za a iya hasashen tsari ne , wanda ya dogara a kan albarkatu na mai kula da kuma hanya.

The European Union: single rulebook and passporting

EU tana daidaita dokokin banki cikin zurfi fiye da kowane yanki na daban. Dokar Bukatun Kayayyaki tana aiki kai tsaye a kowace Tarayya, kuma Dokar Buƙatun Kayayyaki an canza ta zuwa doka ta kasa. Tare da ƙa'idodin fasaha daga EBA, suna samar da kundin ka'idoji guda ɗaya.

A cikin yankin euro da sauran kasashe masu halartar, lasisi yana zaune a cikin Single Supervisory Mechanism. Bisa ga ECB's licensing guide, the ECB yana da ikon ba da lasisin banki ga dukkanin bankunan da ke so su yi aiki a cikin yankin euro. Aikace-aikacen suna shiga ta hanyar hukumar kula da kasa ta ƙasar shigarwa, kuma ECB ya amince da hukuncin ƙarshe.

Passporting

A cikin CRD Sashe na 33, wata cibiyar bashi da aka amince a cikin wani Tarayya Mai Jama'a za ta iya gudanar da ayyukan da ke cikin Bayani na I a cikin sauran Tarayyar Masu Jama'a ta hanyar sashen ko sabis na tsaunuka, idan an amince da ita.

Bankunan kasashe na uku

Directive (EU) 2024/1619 ya shigar da Sashe na 21c a cikin CRD, wanda ke buƙatar kamfanonin da aka kafa a ƙasa ta uku su kafa wani sashi kuma su sami izini kafin su samar da manyan ayyuka na banki a cikin wata kasa.

Waɗannan ƙuntatawa sun haɗa da sabis waɗanda aka bayar a kan ƙoƙarin mai amfani, sabis ga cibiyoyin bashi, da sabis na cikin rukuni. Tarayyar Turai ta yi amfani da wannan tsari ne daga 11 Janairu 2027.

Wannan bangare na kasa ta uku an amince da shi ne kawai ga Tarayyar Turai inda aka kafa shi. Ba za a iya amfani da takardar izinin shiga ba don aiki da sauran Kasashe Mabiya, don haka wata ƙungiya wacce take so ta kai ga EU gabaɗaya tana buƙatar wani ɓangare na EU.

Ƙasashe masu tasowa

Member States har yanzu bambanta a kula da aiki, harshe, harajin, na gida ajiya insurance ayyuka, kasa zaɓuɓɓuka a cikin CRD, da kuma lokacin da aka dauka don duba aikace-aikacen. The doka mafi ƙarancin farko jarin ne EUR miliyan 5 a karkashin CRD Sashe na 12, amma ma'aikatan cibiyar sadarwa na tsammani yana dogara ne a kan shirin kasuwanci.

United Kingdom

UK ke tafiyar da tsarinta a waje na EU. The Prudential Regulatory Authority yana ba da izinin masu karɓar ajiya, tare da Financial Conduct Authority mai alhakin halayyar. Tun lokacin da UK ta bar EU, bankunan UK sune cibiyoyin kasashe na uku a karkashin doka ta banki ta EU kuma ba za su iya amfani da fasfon EU ba.

The Bank of England’s New Bank Start-up Unit describes authorization with restrictions, followed by a mobilisation period that typically lasts no longer than 12 months, during which deposit-taking is capped at £50,000 in total. This lets a bank secure investment and complete its build with a license in hand.

Switzerland

Switzerland licenses banks through FINMA, which notes that legislation on banks and securities firms provides for various types of licences, each with its own conditions. Switzerland is outside the EU single market, so a Swiss license does not passport into the EU. Swiss banks serving EU clients face the third-country rules described above, including Article 21c from 2027.

Singapore

The Monetary Authority of Singapore ya nuna yadda wani mai kula zai iya samar da wani nau'in lasisi don cimma manufar doka. Ya ba da lasisi biyu na banki na dijital da lasisi biyu na banki na dijital, wanda ya ƙarshe ga SMEs da sauran ɓangarorin da ba su sayar da kayayyaki ba.

MAS ya bayyana cewa shi ne a halin yanzu ba bayar da sabon digital lasisi banki. Availability na wani bangare na lasisin zai iya saboda haka canja da dokar, dangane da wani mai nema's alhẽri.

Masana'antu masu zaman kansu: DIFC da ADGM

United Arab Emirates hosts biyu financial free zones tare da kansu regulators da rulesbooks, daban daga onshore banki regime.

	Dubai International Financial Centre	Abu Dhabi
Regulator	Dubai Financial Services Authority, da aka kafa a karkashin doka ta Dubai a matsayin “mai kulawa mai zaman kanta na ayyuka na kudi da ayyukan da suka shafi DIFC” (DFSA GEN)	Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Kudi (ADGM)
Bayanin doka	DFSA an kafa shi bisa doka ta Dubai	An kafa ta a matsayin wata yanki mai 'yanci na kudi bisa dokar tarayya; tsarin da aka gindaya ta hanyar Dokar Abu Dhabi No. 4 ta shekarar 2013; shawarwarin da suka dogara ne akan doka ta Ingilishi
Kategoriyya ta karɓar ajiya	Nau'i 1 (PIB 1.3.1)	Nau'i 1 (PRU 1.3.1)
Asusun ajiya	US$10 miliyan	US$10 miliyan

An tsara lasisi na yanki mai zaman kansa ne don kasuwancin duniya da na kantin sayar da kaya. Yawan ayyukan da aka amince da su, abokan cinikin da za a iya ba da sabis da hadin gwiwa tare da dokokin banki na UAE onshore ya kamata a tabbatar da shi tare da mai kula da doka don kowane nau'in kasuwanci.

International banking centres

The Cayman Islands Monetary Authority reported 76 licensed banks at 30 June 2026, 11 with Category A licenses and 65 with Category B licenses, a split that reflects the international orientation of the center.

A cibiyar muhimmanci bukatar real halarta. The Bankin Cibiyar Bahrain Rulebook Ya sanya hankali da gudanarwa a matsayin wani yanayi na lasisin: bankuna masu ofishin rajista a Bahrain dole ne su kiyaye ofishinsu na farko a can, kuma sassan bankunan waje dole ne su kiyaye wurin gudanarwa na gida da wurare.

Standards duniya push a cikin irin wannan hanya. The FATF bayyanar da wani shell banki kamar daya ba tare da zahiri halarta, ma'ana "ma'anar tunani da kuma gudanarwa", a cikin ƙasarsa lasisi, kuma ya hana dangantaka mai alaƙa da shell bankuna.

Reputation and correspondent access

A izinin ne kawai kamar yadda amfani da dangantaka za ta iya goyon baya. Bankunan Correspondent tattauna hukuncin mai amsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na su due diligence. The CPMI samu cewa ma'aikatan sun yanke sabis ga masu amsa da ke a cikin dokoki da aka gani a matsayin m, a tsakanin wasu dalilai.

Lissafi biyu na jama'a suna shiga cikin wannan nazari.

FATF jerin

Bayan kowace tattaunawa, FATF sunanan jihohi masu haɗari mai tsanani a karkashin kira ga aiki, da kuma jihohi a ƙarƙashin kulawa. As summarised by Malta’s FIAU, after the June 2026 plenary the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Iran and Myanmar remained subject to a call for action. Bosnia da Herzegovina da Iraki an kara su ga binciken, yayin da Algeria da Namibia aka cire su.

Wannan jerin da aka kara a watan Yuni na 2026 ya kunshi wuraren kudi da kuma tattalin arzikin da ke bunkasa, ciki har da Monaco, Bulgaria da Virgin Islands (UK).

The EU list

The EU publishes its own list of high-risk third countries, and EU obliged entities must apply enhanced due diligence to relationships and transactions involving them. The Commission’s list added Russia, Bolivia and the British Virgin Islands with effect from 29 January 2026.

Lissafin biyu suna da alaƙa amma ba daidai ba, kuma suna motsa a cikin sauri daban-daban. Algeria da Namibia, misali, sun bar jerin FATF a watan Yuni 2026 amma har yanzu sun bayyana a cikin jerin EU na Hukumar da aka wallafa a lokacin rubutawa. Wani banki a cikin wata doka da aka rufe za ta iya fuskantar EU mai ƙarfi don kulawa na dogon lokaci bayan FATF rufe.

Ƙaramar hukuma

Ma'aunin	Tambayar tambayoyi
Market access	Shin da izinin tafiya, kuma zuwa ga waɗanne kasuwanni? Za a iya abokan cinikin manufa ta hanyar doka?
Capital	Mene ne mafi ƙarancin doka, da kuma abin da masu kulawa za su yi tsammani ga wannan shirin kasuwanci?
Substance	Menene adadin mutane masu daraja da za su zama mazauna? Ina ne za a yi taron kwamitin da kuma ayyuka masu muhimmanci?
Layin lokaci	Menene tsawon lokacin da aikace-aikacen ke ɗauka, kuma shin akwai mataki mai iyaka ko na motsa jiki?
Asusun ajiya	Shin akwai wani shiri, me yake rufewa, da kuma me kudin shiga yake yi?
Reputation	Shin hukuncin yana cikin wani FATF ko EU jerin, da kuma me ya kasance na ƙarshe FATF bincike?
Maɓallin shiga	Shin bankuna na duniya suna kiyaye dangantaka ta wakilci da bankunan da suka sami izinin aiki a can?
Culture na Supervisory	Ta yaya mai kula zai shiga kafin da bayan bayar da izini, kuma yadda za a iya tsammanin shi?

Cikakken

The cheapest ko mafi sauri lasisin ne rarely the one with the most value. Market damar, banki mai magana da yawun, suna da kuma kula quality yanke shawara ko wani lasisi banki za a iya aiki a gaskiya. Na farko articles a cikin wannan jerin bayyana a hannun jari, kudi, mulki, hadin kai, fasaha da biyan bukatun da ake amfani da inda duk lasisin aka samu.