Cards and payment rails

Abokin ciniki na banki hukunci shi sosai ta yadda biyan aiki. Cards dole ne a karɓa, canja wurin dole ne su isa, da kuma albashi dole ne kasa a kan lokaci. Bayan kowane daya daga cikin wadannan shi ne wani set na jiragen kasa: schemes, tsarin clearing da kuma tsarin biyan kudi, kowace tare da dokokinta na musamman membership.

Wannan labarin ya bayyana manyan hanyoyin da wani banki mai sabon ke haɗuwa da su, ta amfani da EU a matsayin mafi cikakken misalin doka.

Taswirar katin

A card scheme is a set of rules and a network that lets cards issued by one institution be accepted by traders served by another. The EU Interchange Fee Regulation distinguishes two models.

Model	Ta yaya yake aiki	KCharSelect section name
Four-party scheme	Kasuwanci gudu daga asusun mai biya zuwa asusun mai karɓa ta hanyar shirin, wani mai fitarwa a gefen mai biya da kuma wani acquirer a gefen mai karɓa	The large international debit and credit card networks
Three-party scheme	Shirin kansa yana ba da damar fitarwa da kuma samun	Wuraren da ke fitar da katin kuɗi kuma su sanya hannu kan masu sayar da kaya kai tsaye

Mai fitarwa da mai karɓar

An fitar da shi ne wani mai bayar da sabis na biya "a kwangila don samar da mai biyan kudi da wata hanya ta biyan kuɗi don farawa da kuma aiwatar da mai biyan kudin katin-da aka dogara a kan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga". A acquirer ne mai ba da "a kwangila tare da mai karɓa don amincewa da kuma gudanar da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar zirga-zirga, wanda ya haifar da canja wurin kudade zuwa ga mai karɓar".

Aiki	Customer	Ayyukan farko	Main risks
Mai fitarwa	Cardholder	Card issuance, authorisation, credit or debit of the account, disputes, fraud monitoring	Credit hadarin a kan katin bashi, laifi, chargebacks, scheme hadin kai
Acquiring	Ma'aikaci	Merchant onboarding, biyan kuɗi zuwa masu sayar da kaya, chargeback sarrafawa	Kasuwanci da rashin biyan bashin, chargeback alhakin, AML hadarin a mai sayarwa portfolios

Su biyu ne daban-daban kasuwanci da daban-daban risk profiles. A banki na iya yi ko dai ko duka. fitarwa shi ne farkon mataki na yau da kullum ga wani ajiya banki; samun bukatun masu sayar da hadarin kimiyya da kuma mafi yawan dukiya don chargeback haske.

Interchange

Interchange shi ne kudin da aka biya tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai karɓa akan kowane cinikin katin. A cikin EU, Interchange Fee Regulation ya rufe shi a kan 0.2% na darajar kasuwanci don cinikin katin debit na masu amfani da 0.3% ga cinikin katin bashi na masu amfani.

Katin Kasuwanci ne a waje na caps. Interchange caps rage fitarwa kudin shiga, wanda yake da muhimmanci ga aikace-aikacen kasuwanci da ke dogara a kan katin kudin shiga.

Main membership and BIN sponsorship

Schemes izinin makarantu don fitarwa ko samun a karkashin su brand. Membership dokoki ne mallakar yarjejeniyoyi da aka tsara ta kowane scheme, ba dokar, kuma su canja. The broad structure is similar across the major networks.

Ma'aikaci na farko

A member principal has a direct contract with the scheme. It receives its own bank identification number (BIN) ranges, settles directly with the scheme, and is directly responsible for compliance with scheme rules.

Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna da haƙƙin mallaka ga duk wani abu da suka yi amfani da shi don samar da ayyukansu, ko dai ta hanyar yin rajista ko kuma ba tare da rajista.

BIN sponsorship

A sponsored mai fitar da takardun takardu a karkashin membership na wani babban memba, ko da yaushe a kan BIN kewayon da aka ba ta hanyar mai bada tallafi. Mai bayarwa ke nan da alhakin ga shirin, kuma daga bisani ya sanya ka'idoji, rahoton da kuma sau da yawa collateral a kan jami'a sponsored.

	Ma'aikaci na farko	BIN sponsorship
Shirya da shiri	Direct	Ta hanyar mai bada tallafi
Lokacin farawa	Longer	Shorter
Control of product and data	Full, within scheme rules	Shared with the sponsor
Haɗin ginin farashin	Shirin kuɗaɗe da ayyuka na kanka	Scheme fees plus sponsor margin
Risk na haɗuwa	Kasa	High dependence on one sponsor

Yawancin bankuna da kamfanonin biyan kuɗi na farko sun fara tallafawa kuma suyi tafiya zuwa ma'aikaci na farko lokacin da adadin da ke kula da shi. Za a yi shirin tafiyar daga farko, saboda BIN yankuna, ajiyar katin da yarjejeniyoyi duk suna canzawa.

Issuer processing

Ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya sun yi amfani da wannan tsarin, amma ba a iya tabbatar da cewa ya dace da duk ƙasashe ba. Amfani da shi a kan iyaka, kuma ga wani banki, yana da muhimmanci ko muhimmin aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin fitarwa da aikace-aikace.

SEPA

The Single Euro Payments Area harmonizes euro payments. According to the ECB, the SEPA region comprises 41 European countries, including countries outside the euro area and the EU. The schemes are developed and administered by the European Payments Council, an association of payment service providers.

SEPA shiri	Mene ne yake yi
SEPA Transfer Credit (SCT)	Payer-initiated euro transfers
SEPA Canja wurin Kuɗi na Aiki (SCT Inst)	Payer-initiated transfers that make funds available within ten seconds
SEPA Direct Debit (SDD)	Asusun ajiyar da mai karba ya fara bisa ga umurnin mai biyan

The SEPA Regulation requires euro credit transfers and direct debits within its scope to use the ISO 20022 XML standard between payment service providers. A new bank offering euro accounts must join the schemes, directly or through a sponsoring participant, and reach every other reachable provider.

Instant payments in the EU

Regulation (EU) 2024/886 made instant euro credit transfers mandatory for providers that offer standard euro credit transfers.

Buƙata	Euro area providers	Providers in non-euro Member States
Receive instant credit transfers in euro	Da 9 Janairu 2025	by 9 Janairu 2027
Send instant credit transfers in euro	Da 9 ga Oktoba, 2025	Da 9 ga Yuli, 2027
Verification of the payee	Da 9 ga Oktoba, 2025	Da 9 ga Yuli, 2027

Mai bayar da sabis na mai karba ya kamata ya sanya kuɗaɗe a cikin awanni 10 daga karɓar umarni na biyan kuɗi. Idan mai ba da sabis na mai karba bai samu wata tabbatarwa ba a cikin wannan lokacin, to, dole ne ya dawo da asusun mai karba.

Verification na mai karɓa bukatar mai bayarwa' s provider to duba cewa sunan mai karɓa ya dace da mai gane asusun kafin biyan kudin ne aka amince, kuma su gaya wa mai biya na duk wani mismatch. Wannan shi ne wani control karya da FATF' s sake dubawa biyan bayyanar standard kuma nuna zuwa.

Wannan dokar ta kuma buɗe tsarin biyan kuɗi ga ba-bankuna. Saboda cibiyoyin biyan kuɗi da cibiyoyin kudi na e-ba a rufe su da ma'anar cibiyar gudanarwa ba, an hana su daga halartar cikin tsarin da aka tsara. Dokar ta gyara wannan umarnin, tare da kasashe mambobi waɗanda ake buƙata don aiwatar da canji ta hanyar 9 Afrilu 2025.

ISO 20022

ISO 20022 shi ne tsarin kasa da kasa na sakonnin kudi. Idan aka kwatanta da siffofin da suka fi dacewa, yana dauke da bayanai masu ginshiƙai game da masu biyan kuɗi, masu karɓar kuɗi, manufar da kuma bayanin aikawa.

Ga bankuna, sakamakon da za a samu shi ne:

1. Mafi kyawun bayanai don bincike da bin diddigin canje-canje, saboda sunaye da adiresoshin an gina su.
2. Mafi automated a tattaunawar, saboda bayanin aikawa da tafiya tare da biyan.
3. Mapping da truncation hadari inda tsarin har yanzu canja tsakanin siffofi.
4. zuba jari a cikin core da biyan tsarin hub don samar da kuma karanta richer saƙonni.

Real-time gross settlement

A cikin tsarin RTGS, kowace biyan kuɗi tana daidaita ta kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye, maimakon a haɗa su da sauran a ƙarshen wani tsari.

Tsarin RTGS na Eurosystem shine T2, wanda aka fara a watan Maris 2023 don maye gurbin TARGET2. ECB ya bayyana shi a matsayin aiwatar da biyan kuɗi ɗaya bayan ɗaya akan wani tushe mai ci gaba tare da ƙarshen gaggawa, ta amfani da ISO 20022 aika saƙonni, tare da ayyukan gudanarwa na tsakiya. Ya bayyana cewa kowace rana takwas T 2 yana aiwatar da biyan kudin euro tare da adadin kuɗin da ke kusa da GDP na shekara-shekara na yankin euro.

Direct or indirect participation

Model	Mene ne ma'anarta	Tabi'a ga
Mai halarta kai tsaye	Asusun kanka a banki mai zaman kansa, yana aikawa da karɓar biyan kuɗi kai tsaye	Bankunan da suka fi girma, bankuna da yawan kudin euro mai yawa
Indirect access	Kudin da aka biya ta hanyar mai halartar kai tsaye wanda ke aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci	Smaller and newer banks

Direct halartar bukatan da halayyar, wani bankin cibiyar sadarwa asusun, intraday sarrafa kudi da kuma fasaha dangantaka. Indirect samun ne mafi sauri amma yana haifar da dogara a kan bankin biyan, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin ma'aikacin banki labarin.

Planning biyan stack na wani banki

1. Ka yanke shawara wane rails ne ake buƙata a ranar farko.Sauke-sauke na gida, SEPA, biyan kuɗaɗe, katin kuɗi da kuɗin waje suna buƙatar shiga daban-daban.
2. Zaɓi damar kai tsaye ko tallafawa ga kowane rail, tare da shirin canji inda tallafawa na ɗan lokaci ne.
3. Size liquidity for settlement. Instant payments run around the clock, so liquidity must be available outside business hours.
4. Buga kulawa da cin hanci cikin gudun, ciki har da tabbatar da mai karɓa da lura da lokaci-da-lokaci, saboda ba za'a iya tunawa da biyan kuɗaɗe ba.
5. Treat processors da masu tallafawa kamar muhimmanci masu bayarwa a karkashin outsourcing da rigakafin dokoki, tare da fitar da shirye-shirye.

Labarin ƙarshe a cikin wannan jerin ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa ayyukan daidai ake ba da izini daban-daban daga wata doka zuwa wata.