EU AML package da AMLA: me ya canja kuma yaushe

A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, EU ta yi yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar dokoki. Duk wani kasashe mambobi ya canza su a kan hanyarsa, don haka wani banki a Lisbon da wata cibiyar kudi ta e-a cikin Vilnius za su iya karanta rubutun guda kuma su gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. The package adopted on 31 May 2024 replaces much of that with a single rulebook, a slimmer directive and a new supervisor.

Wannan jagora ya kunshi abin da kowace na'ura ke yi, kwanakin da suke da muhimmanci, da kuma canje-canje masu amfani ga cibiyoyin bashi, kamfanonin biyan kuɗi da e-dalar Amurka, kamfanonin zuba jari, kuɗaɗe, masu ba da sabis na crypto-asset da bangarorin da ba na kudi ba.

Three instruments, three jobs

Instrument	Legal form	Ma'aunin aiki	Aikace daga
Regulation (EU) 2024/1624 (AMLR)	Rukunin, da za'a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye	Ayyuka a kan kamfanoni: nazarin hadari, due diligence, amfani da mallakar, rahoton, adana lissafi, kasafin kudi	10 ga Yuli, 2027 (sashen kwallon kafa 10 ga Yuli, 2029)
Directive (EU) 2024/1640 (AMLD6)	Dokar, an canza ta a matakin kasa	Ayyukan da suka shafi kasashe mambobi: masu kulawa, cibiyoyin bincike na kudi (FIUs), rajista, hukunci	Transposition by 10 July 2027, with earlier and later dates for specific articles
Regulation (EU) 2024/1620 (AMLA Regulation)	Regulation	An kafa Hukumar Yaki da Lalata Da Kudin Kasa da kuma Yaki da Ba da Kudi ga 'Yan Ta'adda (AMLA)	1 ga Yuli, 2025, da wasu littafai daga 26 ga Yuni, 2024

Ma'anar tasiri mai amfani na motsa dokoki a matakin kamfani zuwa wani dokar shi ne cewa gold-plating na kasa ya rage. Kasashe 'ya'yan kungiyar suna da wasu wurare, misali don sanya ƙananan iyakoki na kudi ko kuma su cire caca mai haɗari mai ƙaranci, amma wajibai masu mahimmanci sun karanta daidai a duk inda suke.

Layin lokaci

1. 26 Yuni 2024. AMLA an kafa ta bisa doka. Sashe-sashen da aka zaba na AMLA Dokar za su yi aiki daga wannan ranar a karkashin Sashe 108.
2. 1 ga watan Yuli, 2025. Dokar AMLA tana aiki a gaba ɗaya. AMLA ta ce shugabanta na farko, Bruna Szego, ya rike mukaminsa a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu, 2025.
3. 10 Yuli 2025. Kasashe mambobi sun yi amfani da AMLD6 canje-canjen ga umarnin da ke akwai kan samun damar zuwa bayanan mallakar mai amfani (AMLD6, Sashe 74 da 78).
4. 10 ga watan Yuli, 2026. Yarjejeniyar ƙarshe don ƙa'idodin AMLD6 game da samun damar rajista na mallakar amfani ta hanyar hukumomi, ƙungiyoyi masu alhakin da mutane masu sha'awar doka (Abubuwan 11, 12, 13 da 15).
5. By 1 July 2027. AMLA ya fara zaɓin farko na ƙungiyoyi don kulawa kai tsaye kuma dole ne ya kammala shi cikin watanni shida (AMLA Regular, Article 13(4)).
6. 10 ga Yuli, 2027. AMLR yana da amfani (Sashe na 90) kuma AMLD6 dole ne a sauya shi gaba ɗaya.
7. 2028. AMLA ya fara kulawa kai tsaye, watanni shida bayan ya wallafa jerin abubuwan da aka zaɓa. AMLA's own timeline places full operation in 2028.
8. 10 ga Yuli, 2029. AMLR ya danganta da masu kula da wasan kwallon kafa da kungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na sana'a. Ya kamata a canja hannun jari na mai ɗaukar kaya, a hana shi tafiya ko kuma a sanya shi (AMLR, Sashe na 79), da kuma wurin shiga AMLD6 guda ɗaya don bayanai game da kadarorin da ake buƙata (Sashe na 18).

Wãne ne wanda ake lazimta?

AMLR Article 3 lists credit institutions, financial institutions and a long list of professions. The definition of financial institution now names crypto-asset service providers explicitly, alongside payment and e-money firms, investment companies, life insurancers, UCITS and their management companies, and alternative investment funds and their managers.

Wannan jerin ba na kudi ba ya kunshi karin abubuwa da yawa ko kuma bayanin da ke da muhimmanci ga kungiyoyi masu lasisi da abokan cinikinsu:

• masu bayar da sabis na aminci ko kamfanin, masu ba da shawara kan haraji, masu bincike, lauyoyi da notaries a cikin kasuwancin da aka bayyana;
• masu bayar da sabis na tallafawa jama’a da kuma masu hada-hadar tallafawa jama’a;
• masu gudanar da zirga-zirgar zuba jari waɗanda ke wakiltar masu neman haƙƙin zama a matsayin musayar saka hannun jari;
• 'Yan kasuwa a cikin kayayyakin da suke da daraja mai girma da kuma a cikin kayayyakin al'adu bisa ga Euro 10,000;
• Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ba na kudi ba;
• da kuma kungiyoyi masu sana'a na kwallon kafa domin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci tare da masu zuba jari, masu bada tallafi, ma'aikata da kuma don canja wurin 'yan wasa.

Jihohi na iya hana sabis na caca mai haɗari a ƙarƙashin Sashe 4, amma ba casinos ba kuma ba masu samarwa waɗanda ayyukansu na farko shine caca ta kan layi ko wasannin wasanni, face ga ayyukan yanar gizo da aka gudanar da su ko aka tsara su.

Me ya canja ga kamfanoni

Governance

Sashe na 11 yana bukatan rawar da aka ba su suna biyu. Manajan da'a shine wani memba na kwamitin kulawa a cikin aikinsa na kulawa kuma yana da alhakin kulawa da AMLR da kuma Canja wurin Tsarin Kudi. Mai kula da da'a, wanda aka nada ta wannan kwamiti tare da matsayi mai girma, yana tafiyar da rana-zuwa-rana AML da kuma tsauraran ka'idoji kuma shi ne maɓallin tuntuɓar ga hukumomin.

The compliance ma'aikaci za a iya kawai a cire bayan sanarwar zuwa ga hukumar gudanarwa, da kuma mai kula ya kamata a gaya. ƙananan kamfanoni za su iya haɗa biyu roles inda girma da hadarin tabbatar da shi. Boards ya kamata ka yi tsammani masu kula don gwada ko manajan compliance gaskiya mallaki batun.

Idan an yi wahayi zuwa ga abin da ake buƙata.

Sashe na 19 ya sanya irin wadannan abubuwan da ke haifar da rikici a duk fadin EU:

Situation	Mataki na farko na kula da mai amfani
Ƙaddamar da dangantaka ta kasuwanci	A ko da yaushe
Occasional transaction, general rule	EUR 10,000 ko fiye, guda ko haɗe
Ƙananan kuɗaɗe da ake canjawa daga bankuna da hukumomin kudi (ba CASPs ba)	EUR 1,000 ko fiye
Aiki na musamman daga mai bayar da sabis na crypto-asset	EUR 1,000 ko fiye; Bayani
Occasional cash transaction	Aƙalla shaida da tabbatarwa daga EUR 3,000
Wasan kwallon kafar da aka yi ko kuma lashe	EUR 2,000 ko fiye
Shakka game da yin lalata da kudi ko tallafawa 'yan ta'adda	Always, regardless of threshold

Tsare fayiloli na yanzu

A karkashin Sashe na 26, bayanin abokin ciniki ya kamata a sabunta a cikin lokutan da ke nuna haɗari amma ba ta da tsawo fiye da shekara guda ga abokan ciniki masu haɗari mai girma da shekaru biyar ga duk sauran. Kamfanoni waɗanda suke dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru kawai za su buƙaci wata kalanda-dauke backstop.

Bankunan bashi da na kudi dole ne su kuma bincika tsarin abokan cinikinsu a kan hukuncin kudin da aka tsara a kan kowace sabuwar lissafa, tare da bincike na lokaci-lokaci bisa ga haɗari.

Beneficial ownership

A 25% gwaji ne yanzu a cikin dokar kanta. Sashe na 52, mallakar 25% ko fiye da kashi, hakkin kada kuri'a ko wani hakkin mallaka, kai tsaye ko ba tare da wata hanya ba, yana sa mutum ya zama mai amfani da shi, kuma asusun ajiyar a kowane mataki na layin ana lissafa. Kwamitin zai iya sanya matsakaicin matsakaici, mafi girma 15%, ga nau'ikan ƙungiya da ta bayyana su a matsayin haɗari mafi girma.

Sashe na 53 yana ƙara wani gwajin kulawa daban-daban. Kulawa ta hanyar mallaka tana nufin 50% tare da ɗaya daga cikin kashi ko kuri'u, kuma kulawa ta wasu hanyoyi sun haɗa da haƙƙin nada ko cire mafi yawan kwamitin, haƙƙin veto da shawarwari game da raba riba.

Waalthy abokan ciniki

Sashe na 34(5) yana ƙara matakai masu ƙarfafawa don dangantaka masu haɗari mafi girma waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sarrafawa aƙalla Euro miliyan 5 a cikin dukiya ta hanyar sabis ɗin keɓaɓɓu ga mai siye tare da duk dukiyar da ta kai aƙalla Euro miliyan 50, ba tare da la'akari da wurin zama na musamman ba. Yana da amfani ga cibiyoyin bashi, cibiyoyin kuɗi da masu samar da sabis na aminci ko kamfani, wanda ke sanya bankuna masu zaman kansu, ma'aikatar dukiya da amintattu a fili. AMLAYa kamata ya fitar da manufofi game da auna wannan dukiya zuwa 10 ga Yuli, 2027.

Crypto-assets

Sashe na 19 ya rage iyakarsu ta cinikin lokaci zuwa EUR 1,000. Sashe na 40 yana buƙatar su don tantance da rage haɗarin canja wurin kuɗi zuwa ko daga adiresoshin da aka yi wa rajista. Sashe na 79 yana hana asusun da ba a san su ba da kuma asusun da ke ba da izinin ɓoyewa ko ƙaruwa da ɓata lokacin kasuwanci, "gami da ta hanyar kuɗaɗe masu ƙarfafa ɓoyewa".

Record, kudi da bukatun daga FIU

• Record tsare: biyar shekaru daga ƙarshen dangantaka ko ciniki lokaci-lokaci, ko daga dakatar da onboarding, wanda za a iya faɗaɗa shi ta hanyar hukumomin har zuwa shekaru biyar (Sashe na 77).
• Cash limit: people trading in goods or providing services may not accept or make cash payments above EUR 10,000, and Member States may set lower limits (Article 80). Payments and deposits at the premises of banks, e-money issuers and payment service providers are exempt but must be reported to the FIU above the limit.
• FIU bukatun: kamfanoni dole ne su amsa a cikin kwanaki biyar na aiki, kuma FIUs iya rage wannan zuwa ƙasa da 24 hours a cikin lokutan gaggawa (Sashe 69).

High-risk third countries

Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da tantance kasashe na uku da ke da matsalolin tattalin arziki masu muhimmanci, ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki, tare da ɗaukar FATF kiraye-kirayen aiki a hankali (Sashe na 29). Tattaunawar kasuwanci da canje-canjen lokaci-lokaci waɗanda suka haɗa da mutane daga ƙasashen da aka lissafa sun buƙaci matakan ingantattu a Sashe na 34(4).

AMLA: abin da sabuwar doka ke yi

AMLA yana da ofishinsa a Frankfurt am Main (AMLA Dokar, Sashe na 4). Yana da manyan ayyuka uku: kulawa kai tsaye ga wasu kungiyoyin kudi masu haɗari mai yawa, kulawa ba tare da taɓawa ba na masu kulawa na kasa, da goyon baya da hadin gwiwa ga FIUs na kasa.

Wanda AMLA zai kula kai tsaye

Zaɓuɓɓuka na bi da wata formula da aka ƙayyade a cikin Aikacen 12 da 13:

1. AMLA ya yi nazari a kowace lokaci kan cibiyoyin bashi da na kudi, da kungiyoyi, waɗanda ke aiki a cikin aƙalla jihohi shida na mambobi , gami da ƙasar gida, ko ta hanyar kafafen ko sabis na iyaka, kuma ko a zahiri ko daga nesa.
2. Yana rarraba haɗarin da ke tattare da shi da kuma abin da ya rage a matsayin ƙananan, matsakaici, muhimmanci ko maɗaukaki, ta amfani da hanyoyin gudanarwa daban-daban don nau'ikan da suka haɗa da cibiyoyin bashi, cibiyoyin kuɗi na e-, cibiyoyin biyan kuɗi, kamfanonin zuba jari, kamfanonin saka hannun jari na jama'a da masu ba da sabis na crypto-asset.
3. Ƙungiya highest priority a cikin farkon rauni, idan fiye da 40 kwarewa, AMLA yana ɗaukar 40 waɗanda ke aiki a cikin mafi girman adadin Member States.
4. Idan babu wani abu a cikin wata kasa mai zaman kanta da ta dace, wata hanyar canzawa za ta zaɓi abin da yake da hadari mafi girma a can, ko da yake wannan ba zai yi aiki ba a farkon lokaci.

Zaɓin farko dole ne ya fara ta 1 ga Yuli, 2027, kuma jerin ana sake dubawa kowace shekara uku. A biya na iyaka ko e-money group tare da ƙananan matakai da faɗaɗa fasfo don haka yana da kyau a matsayin dan takarar banki mai girma.

AMLA

Ga masu kulawa kai tsaye, AMLA na iya sanya hukuncin kudi. Don manyan, sake maimaitawa ko tsarin laifi na abokan cinikin da ya dace, cikin gida ko ƙungiya-wide controls, ko rahoton alkawarin, mafi girma ne 10% na duk shekara turnover a shekarar kasuwanci ta gaba. Domin manyan laifi na sauran bukatun, kafar bayan daidaita shi ne Euro miliyan 10 (Sashe na 22).

AMLA kuma drafts na fasaha ka'idoji da za su cika a cikin AMLR. Ta yi shawarwari a kan takardun dokoki na fasaha ka'idoji a kan mai amfani da hakkin kula daga 9 Fabrairu zuwa 8 May 2026 da kuma wallafa sakamakon shawarwarin a kan 6 Oktoba 2026 (AMLA). Kamfanoni ya kamata su bi wadannan ka'idoji kusa, saboda sun bayyana data sassan da onboarding tsarin dole ne su tattara.

AMLD6: abin da kasashe mambobi za su gina

Shirin ya fi bayyanawa ga kamfanoni amma yana shafar yanayin da suke aiki a ciki.

• Fit da kuma daidai bincike: masu kulawa dole ne su tabbatar da cewa babban shugabanci da masu amfani da mallakar cibiyoyin bashi, cibiyoyi na kudi da sauran lissafin wajibi entities ne na kyakkyawan suna da aiki tare da gaskiya da adalci, kuma za a iya neman cirewa ko divestment ( AMLD6, Article 6 ).
• Beneficial mallakar rajista: tsakiya rajistan da aka bayyana damar dokoki ga hukumomi, wajibi kungiyoyi da mutane tare da wani laifi sha'awa (Sashe na 10 zuwa 15).
• Asusun rajista: tsarin da ke tantance masu biyan kuɗi da asusun banki, gami da IBANs na zahiri, asusun ajiya, asusun crypto-asset da akwatunan ajiyar tsaro, waɗanda ake iya isa gare su ta hanyar FIU (Sashe na 16).
• Sanctions: for credit and financial institutions, maximum pecuniary sanctions of at least EUR 10 million or 10% of annual turnover, whichever is higher, and at least EUR 5 million for natural persons (Article 55).

Effects outside the EU

AMLR ya haɗa da hukumomin da aka kafa a cikin EU, amma iyakarsa ita ce mafi girma a cikin aiki.

• Kungiyar da EU subsidiaries ya kamata su haɗu da AMLR a cikin waɗannan subsidiaries kuma su yi amfani da dokoki na ƙungiya-ɗaya, wanda daga baya ke samar da kulawa a kan mahaifi.
• EU correspondents and counterparts za su yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen kulawa da kuma mallakar riba ga abokan huldarsu wadanda ba na EU ba, tare da karin matakan da suka shafi kasashe na uku masu haɗari.
• Neighbouring regimes are moving in parallel. Switzerland, for example, brought its revised Anti-Money Laundering Act and a new Act on the Transparency of Legal Persons and the Identification of Beneficial Owners into force on 1 October 2026, starting transition periods for registering entities in a new transparency register (Swiss Federal Council).

Preparing for 10 July 2027

1. Map scope. Confirm which group entities are obliged entities under Article 3 and which national exemptions, if any, will lapse.
2. Amfani da maɓallin don zaɓar ma'aikacin da kake so ka yi aiki tare da shi.
3. Gap-analyze due diligence. Ka kwatanta halin yanzu haddi, data filin, sake fasalin matakai da amfani mallakar manhaja a kan Sashe na 19, 26, 52 da 53, sa'an nan kuma a kan AMLA's fasaha standards kamar yadda su ne aka amince da.
4. Check products. Review cash acceptance, anonymous or privacy-enhancing features, bearer instruments and self-hosted wallet flows.
5. Assess AMLA exposure. Count the Member States in which the group operates, including by passport, and test residual risk honestly against the published methodology.
6. Plan data. Expect more structured requests from FIUs and supervisors, and short deadlines to answer them.

The package does not change the basic logic of AML: know who you deal with, understand why, and report what doesn't fit. It does remove much of the room that different national rules once gave, and it places a European supervisor directly over the riskiest cross-border groups.