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Bawo ni jurisdictions ṣe yatọ si ninu awọn banki licensing

Kini idi ti iṣẹ banki kanna ni a fun ni iwe-aṣẹ ni ọna oriṣiriṣi ni EU, UK, Switzerland, awọn agbegbe ọfẹ ati awọn ile-iṣẹ offshore, ati bi FATF ati awọn akojọ EU ṣe ni ipa lori iwọle.

8 min ka · Ṣatunkọ 2026-10-07 · 17 orisun

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ Kekere

01Basel, FATF ati awọn iduroṣinṣin agbaye miiran ṣe agbekalẹ ilẹ ti o wọpọ, ṣugbọn gbogbo ẹjọ kan ṣeto awọn klasu iwe-aṣẹ rẹ, awọn iye owo, awọn idanwo ohun elo ati awọn ofin iwọle ọja.
02The EU combines a single rulebook with passporting: a license from one Member State can be used across the single market. Non-EU banks will need an authorized branch for core banking services from 11 January 2027.
03Awọn agbegbe ọfẹ owo bii DIFC ati ADGM n ṣiṣẹ awọn oludari wọn ati awọn iwe ofin ni UAE, pẹlu iye owo ipilẹ ti US $ 10 million fun awọn ile-iṣẹ ti o gba awọn idogo.
04Ìbálẹ̀ nínú àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò líǹkì. Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ lórí FATF tàbí àwọn àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn EU tí wọ̀ inú ìròyìn tí a fi pamọ́ láti inú àwọn ẹ̀yàn, tí ó lè mú àwọn kọ̀ǹpútà aládúrò jẹ́ àìdájú.

Ti o ba gba awọn idogo ati ki o ṣe awọn owo-ori ni iṣẹ kanna ti iṣowo ni gbogbo ibi. ṣugbọn iwe-aṣẹ ti a nilo, iye owo ti a nilo, akoko lati ifọwọsi ati awọn ọja ti iwe-aṣẹ ṣii le yatọ si pupọ. Igbakeji ofin jẹ ọkan ninu awọn ipinnu ti o dara julọ ninu iṣẹ akanṣe banki kan.

Àkọlé yìí ṣalaye ibi ti àwọn iyatọ náà ti wa lati ati bi a ṣe lè fi ipa mú iye ìṣàmúlò-ètò lìnẹ́ẹ̀lì.

Ìkégbèré, ìṣàfarawé-ìṣàmúlò-ètò náà

Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò ìpéwọ̀n àìdájú ìpele tí a pin. Àjọ Basel ń fi àwọn ìpéwọ̀n àìdájú ààyè-iṣẹ́ hàn, FATF ń fi àwọn ìpéwọ̀n AML/CFT hàn, àti CPMI ń fi àwọn ìpéwọ̀n áràyè-iṣẹ́ fún àwọn ẹ̀yàn. Àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ ìṣàfarawe-ẹ̀yàn.

Ninu oju-iwe yii, gbogbo ẹjọ ṣe ipinnu:

Awọn iṣẹ́ wò nìyàn wò nìyàn. Àwọn kan ní lísí-lẹ́tà banki kan; àwọn mìíràn ní àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ mìíràn, bí a tí jẹ́ pé, tí a fọwọ́sì, tí a fi pamọ́, tabi digítalì.
Ìgbà wo nínú àwọn owó-ìpamọ́ tí a fẹ́ láti bẹrẹ, àti ìgbà wo nínú àwọn alábòójútó tí wọ́n ǹròyìn lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.
Ṣe ohunkohun ti o nilo: iṣakoso agbegbe, awọn oṣiṣẹ, awọn ipade ẹgbẹ ati awọn eto.
Wọn ni a le ṣe iṣẹ fun: awọn oloselu, awọn ti ko jẹ oloselu, awọn oniṣowo tabi awọn alabara nla, ati ninu awọn owo ilẹ yuroopu wo ni.
Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́ mìíràn tí ìṣẹ̀dà náà ṣí, nípa pàsẹ́ẹ̀lì, ìmọ̀ràn tàbí kò.
Ibo ni iyara ati bi o ṣe le ṣe akiyesi ilana jẹ, eyiti o da lori awọn orisun ati ọna ti oludari.

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò

EU harmonizes bank regulation more deeply than any other region. The Capital Requirements Regulation applies directly in every Member State, and the Capital Requirements Directive is transposed into national law. Together with technical standards from the EBA, they form the single rulebook.

Ninu agbegbe euro ati awọn orilẹ-ede miiran ti o ṣe alabapin, iwe-aṣẹ wa ni inu Mechanism Supervisory kan. Gẹgẹ bi ECB's licensing guide, ECB ni ẹtọ lati fun awọn iwe-aṣẹ banki fun gbogbo awọn banki ti o fẹ lati ṣiṣẹ ni agbegbe euro. Awọn ohun elo wọle nipasẹ ile-iṣẹ ijọba orilẹ-ede ti orilẹ-ede ti igbimọ, ati pe ECB gba ipinnu ikẹhin.

Pasporting

Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ tí o yẹ̀ fun lìnẹ́sì EU ní pàşà. Láìsì CRD Àkọlé 33, ile-iṣẹ́ ifowopamọ́ tí a fọwọ́sì nínú Alaye Ìjọba kan lè ṣe àwọn iṣẹ́ nínú Àpẹẹrẹ Ì nínú Alaye Ìjọba mìíràn lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ tabi nínú iṣẹ́ tí n bọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, tí a bà fi ẹ̀yàn rẹ̀ sọ̀rọ̀ wọn. Alaye alaṣẹ kò lè gba línẹ́sì kejì.

Banki orilẹ-ede kẹta

Banki lati inu ita EU ko ni iwe irinna. Direction (EU) 2024/1619 fi nkan 21c sinu CRD, ti o nilo awọn ile-iṣẹ ti a da ni orilẹ-ede kẹta lati ṣe agbekalẹ ọfiisi ati gba iwe-aṣẹ ṣaaju ki o to pese iṣẹ banki ipilẹ ni orilẹ-ede ọmọ ẹgbẹ kan.

Awọn iyatọ pẹlu awọn iṣẹ ti a fun ni aṣẹ-lori ti alabara, awọn iṣẹ si awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-ori, ati awọn iṣẹ inu ẹgbẹ. Awọn orilẹede-ede gbọdọ lo ibeere yii lati 11 January 2027.

Ó lè mà lòpàsà fún ìṣẹ̀dá àwọn Ààyè Mìíràn mìíràn, bẹ́ẹ̀ nínú gbogbogbò, ẹgbẹ́ kan tí fẹ́ ìgbàdè EU-ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nìkaǹ niló ẹ̀yàn EU.

Àwọn Ìyatọ Tí Wa Ninú EU

Iṣẹ́ tí a ṣè nínú ẹ̀yàn ìmọ̀, ede, owó ilé-ifowopamọ́, àjọṣepọ̀ ìdíyelé, àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ orilẹ-ede ni CRD, atí akokó tí a gbà lati ṣayẹwó awọń ohun-iní. Àkọsílẹ̀ akọkọ̀ to kere jú ní EUR 5 milionù lorí CRD Àkọsilẹ̀ 12, sugbon àwọn àjọṣepọ̀ ìmọ̀ ní yoo dájú lorí iṣẹ́ ìmọ̀.

United Kingdom

The UK runs its own regime outside the EU. The Prudential Regulation Authority authorizes deposit-takers, with the Financial Conduct Authority responsible for conduct. Since the UK left the EU, UK banks are third-country institutions under the EU banking law and cannot use the EU passport.

The Bank of England's New Bank Start-up Unit describes authorization with restrictions, followed by a mobilisation period that typically lasts no longer than 12 months, during which deposit-taking is capped at £50,000 in total. This lets a bank secure investment and complete its build with a license in hand.

Switzerland

Switzerland licenties banks through FINMA, eyi ti o ṣe akiyesi pe ofin lori awọn banki ati awọn ile-iṣẹ aabo n pese fun ọpọlọpọ awọn iru awọn iwe-aṣẹ, kọọkan pẹlu awọn ipo rẹ. Switzerland jẹ ni ita ọja EU kan, nitorinaa iwe-aṣẹ Swiss ko ni pasipaaro si EU. Awọn banki Swiss ti n ṣiṣẹ fun awọn alabara EU n wo awọn ofin orilẹ-ede kẹta ti a ṣalaye loke, pẹlu nkan 21c lati 2027.

Singapore

The Monetary Authority of Singapore shows how a regulator can create a license class for a policy goal. It awarded two digital full bank licenses and two digital wholesale bank licenses, the latter for SMEs and other non-retail segments.

MAS sọ pe nígbà yìí kò jẹ́ pé o tí n fi àwọn líǹẹ́sì banki díìrẹ̀tì tuntun pamọ́. Àwọn ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ tí a lè lò nínú ẹ̀yàn líǹẹ́sì lè yipadà láti inú ìṣẹ̀dà, lailè tí a bá fẹ́ kọ̀ọ̀kan.

Awọn agbegbe ọfẹ owo: DIFC ati ADGM

United Arab Emirates ni awọn agbegbe meji ti ko ni owo-owo pẹlu awọn oludari wọn ati awọn iwe ofin, ti o yatọ si eto banki onshore.

	Ààyè-iṣẹ́ Ìròyìn	Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀
Awọn aago	Dubai Financial Services Authority, ti a ṣeto ni ibamu si ofin Dubai bi “awọn iṣẹ owo-owo ati awọn iṣẹ ti o ni ibatan si DIFC” (DFSA GEN)	Àwọn Ìṣẹ́ Aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ Àwọn Ìjánu-ìṣeré Owo (ADGM)
Awọn ipilẹ ofin	DFSA tí a kọ̀ láti inú àṣẹ Dubai	Ti a da bi agbegbe ọfẹ owo-iworo labẹ ofin federali; eto ti o wa ni ibamu pẹlu ofin Abu Dhabi No. 4 ti ọdun 2013; itọnisọna ti o da lori ofin gbogbogbo Ilu Gẹẹsi
Awọn iru-aṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ tí a fi pamọ́	Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò 1 (PIB 1.3.1)	Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò 1 (PRU 1.3.1)
Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	US$10 million	US$10 million

Awọn iwe-aṣẹ agbegbe ọfẹ ni a ṣe apẹrẹ fun iṣowo kariaye ati ọja. Iwọn ti awọn iṣẹ ti o gba laaye, awọn alabara ti o le ṣee lo ati ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu awọn ofin banki onshore UAE yẹ ki o jẹrisi pẹlu oluṣakoso to tọ fun awoṣe iṣowo kọọkan.

Ile-iṣẹ banki kariaye

International financial centers license banks that mainly serve non-residents, often through categories that separate domestic from international business. The Cayman Islands Monetary Authority reported 76 licensed banks at 30 June 2026, 11 with Category A licences and 65 with Category B licences, a split that reflects the international orientation of the center.

Awọn ile-iṣẹ ti o lagbara ni iwulo lati wa nibẹ. Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook O jẹ ki ifẹ ati iṣakoso di ipo lilọsiwaju: awọn banki ti o ni ile-iṣẹ ti a fọwọsi ni Bahrain gbọdọ tọju ile-iṣẹ wọn nibẹ, ati pe awọn ẹka banki ajeji gbọdọ tọju ifihan ati ibi-afẹde iṣakoso agbegbe.

Awọn ipo ti o wa ni gbogbo agbaye n gbe ni ọna kanna. FATF ṣe apejuwe banki shell bi ọkan ti ko ni ifihan ara ẹni, eyiti o tumọ si “ifẹ ati iṣakoso ti o ni itumọ”, ni orilẹ-ede lilọsiwaju rẹ, ati pe ko gba awọn ibasepọ pẹlu awọn banki shell.

Àwọn ìṣàmúlò-ètò àti àgbèwọlé

A licentie is only as useful as the relationships it can support. Correspondent banks assess the respondent's jurisdiction as part of their due diligence. The CPMI found that correspondents had cut services for respondents located in jurisdictions perceived as too risky, among other reasons.

Àwọn àtòjọ-àjọṣepọ́ meji ni a fi pamọ́ sínú àwọn ìṣàyẹwo náà.

àwọn àtòjọ FATF

Lẹyin gbogbo igbimọ, FATF n pe awọn ẹjọ ti o ni ipa to gaju ti a fi ranṣẹ si wọn fun iṣẹ-ṣiṣe, ati awọn ẹjọ ti o wa labẹ iwadii ti o pọ si. Gẹgẹ bi FIAU Malta ṣe ṣalaye, lẹhin igbimọ Oṣu Kẹsan Ọjọ 2026, Republic Democratic People’s of Korea, Iran ati Myanmar ti wa labẹ iwadii fun iṣẹ-ṣiṣe. Bosnia ati Herzegovina ati Iraq ni a fi kun si iwadii ti o pọ si, lakoko ti Algeria ati Namibia ti yọ kuro.

Awọn akojọ iwadi ti o pọju ni Oṣu Kẹsan Ọjọ 2026 pẹlu awọn ile-iṣẹ owo-wiwọle bi daradara bi awọn eto-ọrọ ti n dagbasoke, laarin wọn Monaco, Bulgaria ati Virgin Islands (UK).

Awọn akojọ EU

EU fi iwe iroyin rẹ han ti awọn orilẹ-ede kẹta ti o ni ibajẹ giga, ati pe awọn ile-iṣẹ ti a fọwọsi nipasẹ EU gbọdọ lo igbẹkẹle ti o dara julọ si awọn ibasepọ ati awọn iṣowo ti o wa pẹlu wọn. Àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn fi Russia, Bolivia ati British Virgin Islands kun pẹlu ipa lati 29 Oṣù Kejìlá 2026.

Awọn akojọ meji ni o ni ibatan ṣugbọn kii ṣe kanna, ati pe wọn n gbe ni iyara oriṣiriṣi. Algeria ati Namibia, fun apẹẹrẹ, fi FATF silẹ ni Oṣu Kẹsan Ọjọ 2026 ṣugbọn tun han lori atokọ EU ti a tẹjade nipasẹ Commission ni akoko kikọ. Banki kan ni ẹjọ tuntun ti a ti yọ kuro le rii daju pe EU ti dinku fun igba diẹ lẹhin FATF ti yọ kuro.

Àwọn ààyè-iṣẹ́

Àwọn Ìṣàmúlò-ètò	Awọn ibeere lati bi
Àtòjọ-iṣẹ́	Njẹ iwe-aṣẹ naa ni iwe irinna, ati si awọn ọja wo ni? Ṣe awọn alabara ti a fẹ le ṣe iṣẹ wọn ni ibamu pẹlu ofin?
Ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan	Kini iye ti o kere julọ ti ofin, ati kini awọn oludari yoo nireti fun eto iṣowo yii?
Awọn ohun-ini	Igba wo ni a fi yẹ ki awọn eeyan to gaju jẹ oloselu? Nibo ni a fi yẹ ki awọn ipade ile-ẹjọ ati awọn iṣẹ pataki wa?
Agbègbè	Igba wo ni awọn iforukọsilẹ gba, ati pe ṣe o wa faaji ti a daduro tabi ti a gbekalẹ?
Àwọn Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀	Njẹ o ni eto kan, ohun ti o da lori rẹ, ati kini iye owo igbimọ?
Àwọn àmì-àṣírí	Njẹ ajọṣepọ naa wa lori eyikeyi FATF tabi EU akojọ, ati ohun ti o jẹ iwadi rẹ to kẹhin FATF?
Àtòjọ-ẹ̀yàn	Njẹ awọn banki agbaye n tọju ibatan ti o tọka si pẹlu awọn banki ti a fọwọsi nibẹ?
Ìṣàfilọ́lẹ̀ Ìjọba	Bawo ni a ṣe le ṣe ibaraẹnisọrọ pẹlu oludari ṣaaju ki o to gba iwe-aṣẹ, ati bawo ni o ṣe ṣee ṣe?

Ìpari

The cheapest or fastest license is rarely the one with the most value. Market access, correspondent banking, reputation and supervisory quality decide whether a licensed bank can actually operate. The earlier articles in this series explain the capital, liquidity, governance, compliance, technology and payment requirements that apply wherever the license is obtained.

Sources(17)

Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (Capital Requirements Regulation), consolidated text · checked 2026-10-07
Directive 2013/36/EU (Capital Requirements Directive), consolidated text, Articles 12, 13 and 33 · checked 2026-10-07
Directive (EU) 2024/1619 (CRD VI), Article 21c and application dates · checked 2026-10-07
ECB Banking Supervision: Guide to assessments of fintech credit institution licence applications (March 2018) · checked 2026-10-07
Bank of England: New Bank Start-up Unit · checked 2026-10-07
FINMA: Authorisation of banks and securities firms · checked 2026-10-07
DFSA Rulebook: General Module (GEN) · checked 2026-10-07
DFSA Rulebook: PIB module, VER52/01-26 · checked 2026-10-07
ADGM: Financial Services Regulatory Authority · checked 2026-10-07
ADGM FSRA Rulebook: PRU · checked 2026-10-07
Monetary Authority of Singapore: Digital bank licence · checked 2026-10-07
Cayman Islands Monetary Authority: sector statistics · checked 2026-10-07
Central Bank of Bahrain Rulebook, Volume 1, LR-2.2 Mind and Management · checked 2026-10-07
FIAU Malta: FATF Public Statements, 19 June 2026 · checked 2026-10-07
European Commission: EU list of high-risk third countries · checked 2026-10-07
CPMI: Correspondent banking, final report (July 2016) · checked 2026-10-07
FATF Recommendations (updated October 2025), as published by the Hong Kong Companies Registry · checked 2026-10-07

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