Bayanin banki na kwararru

A kusa da duk cross-border biyan tafiya ta hanyar bankin ma'aikata. Banki a cikin wani kasa da yake so ya biya ko karɓar US dalar Amurka, Euros ko wasu waje kudi bukatar wani asusun tare da wani banki da za a iya daidaita a cikin wannan kudi. Ga wani sabon banki, samun wadannan asusu ne mai yawa mafi wuya fiye da samun lasisi kansa.

Correspondents and respondents

CPMI na 2016 rahoto a kan banki ma'aikaci ya ambaci wani siffofi standard: wani tsari wanda wani banki, da ma'aikaci, "ke riƙe ajiyar mallakar wasu bankuna (masu amsawa) da kuma bayar da biyan kudi da sauran ayyuka ga wadannan bankunan masu amsawa". A mafi muhimmanci, yana bukatar masu amsawa su buɗe asusun a cikin littattafan ma'aikacin da kuma bankuna biyu don musayar saƙonni zuwa daidaita ciniki ta hanyar debiting da crediting wadannan asusun.

The correspondent provides access. The respondent uses it on behalf of itself and its customers. Services typically include international transfers, cash management, check clearing, loans, letters of credit and foreign exchange.

The CPMI ya lura da cewa dangantaka ne a kan lokaci-lokaci, kowace banki aiki na biyu a cikin wani daban kudi. Correspondent banking muhimmanci mafi yawa ga biyan diyya tsakanin kasashe, saboda biyan kudin gida yanzu a kullum tsagaita ta hanyar tsarin biya.

Munã da ku, kuma kunã da Mu.

Waɗannan kalmomi biyu sunã siffantãwa ga wani lãbãri daga sãsanni.

Yaƙin	Ma'ana	Waɗanda littattafansu suke a wurinsu.	Misali daga Bankin A’s point of view
Nostro (	Asusunmu, an riƙe shi a wani banki	Littattafan sauran bankunan	Asusun dala na Amurka na Bankin A a Bankin B a New York shine asusun nostro na Bankin A
Vostro (	Wani asusun banki, da aka yi da mu	Litattafanmu	Asusun euro na Bankin C a Bankin A, ga Bankin A, wani asusun vostro ne

To, asusun da Bankin A ke riƙe a Bankin B shi ne nostro ga Bankin A kuma vostro ga Bankin B. Kowane banki yana kiyaye wani bayanin cikin gida na adadinsa na nostro, wanda ya yi daidai da kalaman daga mai amsawa. Rahoton CPMI yana kiran wannan bayanin cikin gida da asusu mai haske, an kiyaye shi don dalilai na lissafi.

Kuma lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, Allah Ya saukar da Littãfi mai bayyanãwa a gare ku, dõmin ku yi ĩmãni da shi kuma dõmin ku yi taƙawa.

Yadda mai biyan kuɗi ke motsa

Rahoton CPMI ya nuna biyan kuɗi daga mai amfani na Bankin A zuwa mai amfani na Bankin C ta hanyar Bankin B.

1. Banki A debits asusunsa mai amfani.
2. Bankin A ya aika da saƙon biyan kuɗi zuwa Bankin B.
3. Banki B debits asusun Banki A a kan littattafanta.
4. Bankin B ya karɓi asusun Bankin C a cikin littattafansa, ko kuma, idan Bankin C bai riƙe wani asusun ba tare da shi ba, sai ya biya Bankin C ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi wanda duka biyun suke halartarwa.
5. Bank B ya aika da saƙo zuwa Bank C.
6. Bank C credits mai karɓar abokin ciniki.

Bankunan Ma'aikata

Idan bankunan mai aikawa da mai karɓa ba su raba wani ma'aikaci ba, to wasu bankuna za su shiga cikin wannan tsari.

Kowane ɗayan yana ƙara lokaci, kuɗin, bincika daidaito da kuma ma'anar rashin nasara. Each also needs enough information in the payment message to screen it, which is the purpose of the travel rule described in the compliance article.

A cikin wani cover biyan, bayanai na abokin ciniki je kai tsaye daga bankin umarni zuwa banki na mai amfani, yayin da wani daban-daban bankin-to-bank saƙo motsa kudi ta hanyar ma'aikata. The CPMI rahoton ya lura da cewa duka na serial hanya da kuma hanyar cover za a iya amfani da shi a cikin bi da AML dokoki, ko da yake da sako cover ke da bayanan da ake buƙata.

Where settlement last happens

Correspondents daidaita a tsakaninsu a cikin tsarin biyan kudi na kudin. Ga euro, Eurosystem's real-lokaci gross biyan tsari ne T2 , wanda ECB ya ce makarantu za su iya samun dama kamar masu halarta kai tsaye, kamar multi-addressees, ko ta hanyar ma'aikatar ma'aikatar. A bankin mai amsa ba tare da damar kai tsaye dogara a kan hadin gwiwar ma'aikatarsa.

Rawar SWIFT

SWIFT, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication, operates a messaging network. It carries standardised payment instructions between banks, but it does not hold accounts or move money. Settlement happens on the books of correspondents and in payment systems.

A SWIFT haɗi da wani banki lissafi alama ne don haka bukata amma ba su isa. Ba tare da ma'aikacin asusun, wani banki na iya aika saƙonni amma ba za su iya daidaita waje kudi biyan. Main biyan tsarin, ciki har da T2, yanzu amfani da ISO 20022 saƙonnin rubutu standard, wanda ke ɗaukar mafi arziki tsari bayanai game da bangarorin.

Nested relationships and payable-through accounts

Rahoton CPMI ya bayyana nau'ikan biyu masu haɗari.

1. Nested correspondent banking. Bankunan da dama suna amfani da dangantaka ta ma'aikaci guda ba tare da wata hanya ba, ta hanyar mai amsawa na ma'aikacin kai tsaye. Ma'aikacin yana ganin biyan kuɗi daga bankunan da bai taba tantance su ba.
2. Payable-through accounts. The respondent lets its own customers access the correspondent account directly to transaction on their own behalf.

Dukkansu su sa ya fi wuya ga mai magana da yawun ya san wanda biyansa yake aiwatarwa. CPMI ta gano cewa waɗannan ayyuka ana rage su, don haka abokin hulɗar banki na gargajiya ya mamaye dangantakar da ta rage.

What the rules require of correspondents

FATF Recommendation 13 bukata correspondents, a cikin kara da al'ada customer due diligence, zuwa:

1. Tattara bayanai masu yawa game da mai amsawa don fahimtar kasuwancin sa kuma a tabbatar, daga bayanan jama'a, sunansa da ingancin kulawarsa, gami da duk wani bincike na ML / TF ko aiki na doka.
2. Assess the respondent's AML/CFT controls.
3. Ka samu amincewar shugabanci kafin ka kafa sabon dangantaka da ma'aikaci.
4. Ku fahimci alkawarinku ga dukkan wata ƙungiya.
5. Ga biya-ta hanyar lissafi, su yarda cewa mai amsawa ya gudanar da CDD a kan abokan ciniki tare da dama kai tsaye kuma za a iya samar da shi a kan bukatar.

The FATF kuma ya haramta dangantaka ma'aikaci da shell bankuna da kuma buƙaci ma'aikaci don tabbatar da masu amsa ba su barin shell bankunan amfani da asusunsu. The FATF glossary defines a shell bank as one with no physical presence in the country in which it is incorporated and licensed, and unaffiliated with a regulated group under effective consolidated supervision. Physical presence means “meaningful mind and management located within a country”, not merely a local agent or low-level staff.

Tsarin tarayya na Amurka ya yi amfani da wannan doka ga asusun da aka riƙe a Amurka: a ƙarƙashin 31 CFR 1010.630, wata cibiyar kuɗi mai rufewa "ba za ta kafa ba, kiyayewa, gudanarwa, ko kula da asusun ma'aikaci a cikin Amurka don, ko kuma a madadin, wani banki na waje", kuma dole ne ya dauki matakan da suka dace game da amfanin kai tsaye. Saboda mafi yawan biyan kudin Amurka ta hanyar bankunan Amurka, wannan doka tana da mahimmanci a duk duniya.

De-risking da kuma karuwa a cikin dangantaka

De-risking ma'ana dakatar da ko hana dangantaka da dukan nau'i na abokan ciniki ko kasashe, a maimakon gudanar da hadarin al'amari da al'amari. Ya zama wani batun dokar bayan 2011.

da kuma SWIFT ya bi hanyar. The Bayanin CPMI na 2020 ya bayyana cewa adadin bankunan da ke aiki a duniya ya ragu da kashi 22% tsakanin 2011 da 2019, yayin da adadin hanyoyin biyan kudi ya ragu da kashi 12%.

The adadin da kuma darajar na cross-border biyan ya ci gaba da bunkasa a kan wannan lokaci, ma'ana fiye da zirga-zirga ta hanyar bankuna kaɗan. SWIFT an wallafa bayanan shekara-shekara har zuwa ƙarshen 2022, cika alkawarinsu ga FSB.

The Financial Stability Board ya danganta da raguwa zuwa "ci gaba da masana'antu, rage riba daga waɗannan ayyukan, yawan haɗarin haɗari na bankuna masu haɗin gwiwa da dalilai daban-daban da suka shafi AML/CFT ko tsarin hana fita". Its four-point action plan, launched in November 2015, covered further analysis, clarification of regulatory expectations by the FATF and Basel Committee, domestic capacity building, and better due diligence tools. A cikin 2018 FSB kuma ya wallafa wani nazari kan masu ba da sabis na biyan kudi suna rasa damar shiga banki.

Rahoton CPMI ya gano cewa ma'aikatan sun yanke ayyukan ga masu amsawa waɗanda ba su samar da adadin da ya isa ya rufe kuɗaɗen biyan kuɗi ba, an sanya su a cikin dokoki waɗanda aka gani azaman haɗari mai yawa, sun yi aiki da abokan ciniki game da waɗanda bayanan ba su isa ba, ko kuma sun ba da samfuran haɗari mafi girma ko nau'ikan abokan ciniki.

Me ya sa bankuna na ci gaba da kokarin samun USD da EUR

Duk wani abu da aka ambata a sama yana da amfani ga wani banki wanda aka bai wa lasisi.

1. Ba a dauke shi ba. Mai aikawa ba zai iya duba shekarun bayanan biyan kuɗi, rahotannin bincike ko tarihi na kulawa ba.
2. Low farko volume. Onboarding da shekara-shekara review na wani mai amsa farashin da ma'aikacin ya zama daidai ko da abin da adadin, kuma wani sabon banki na farko yawanci ba su rufe su.
3. Jurisdiction risk. Banks licensed in jurisdictions on FATF or EU lists, or with weak recent assessments, face more scrutiny or refusal.
4. Customer risk. Business models built on non-resident customers, fintech or payment institution clients, crypto-asset companies or high-risk sectors look like nesting to a correspondent.
5. Ownership and management. Opaque mallakar ko manajoji ba tare da bankin kwarewar kwarewa kasada correspondent due diligence har ma idan sun wuce lasisin.
6. Concentration a tsakanin masu bayarwa. Da kaɗan da ke aiki a cikin kowane kudi, rashin amincewa daga ɗaya ko biyu na iya rufe kasuwa.

Yadda masu neman aiki ke inganta damarsu

1. Plan correspondent access before applying. A business plan that depends on foreign currency payments needs a credible answer on how they will settle, and supervisors will test it.
2. Ka fara da wani ma'aikacin yankin. Wani mai amsawa zai iya gina wata rikodi tare da banki na yankin kafin ya kusanci masu biyan kudin Amurka ko Yuro a duniya.
3. Ya shirya wani cikakke dubi pack. Ownership charts to natural persons, licenses, AML policies, risk assessment, audit results, and the industry questionnaires correspondents use.
4. Ka riƙe ma'aunin abokin ciniki mai bayyane.Ka bayyana wanda biyan kuɗi zai gudana, kuma ka guji ba da asusun ga wasu bankuna ko kamfanonin biya har sai an tabbatar da kulawa.
5. Diversify early. Two correspondents per major currency reduce the risk that one termination halts the business.

Labarin nan mai zuwa ya rufe tsarin da ke bayan wannan duka: manyan dandamali na banki, fitarwa da kuma dokokin fasaha.